
hledger(1)                   hledger User Manuals                   hledger(1)



NAME
       hledger - a command-line accounting tool

SYNOPSIS
       hledger [-f FILE] COMMAND [OPTIONS] [ARGS]
       hledger [-f FILE] ADDONCMD -- [OPTIONS] [ARGS]
       hledger

DESCRIPTION
       hledger  is  a  cross-platform program for tracking money, time, or any
       other commodity, using double-entry accounting and a  simple,  editable
       file  format.   hledger  is  inspired  by  and  largely compatible with
       ledger(1).
       Tested on unix, mac, windows, hledger aims to be a reliable,  practical
       tool for daily use.

       This is hledger's command-line interface (there are also curses and web
       interfaces).  Its basic function is to read a plain text file  describ-
       ing financial transactions (in accounting terms, a general journal) and
       print useful reports  on  standard  output,  or  export  them  as  CSV.
       hledger can also read some other file formats such as CSV files, trans-
       lating them to  journal  format.   Additionally,  hledger  lists  other
       hledger-*  executables found in the user's $PATH and can invoke them as
       subcommands.

       hledger reads data from one or more files  in  hledger  journal,  time-
       clock,  timedot,  or  CSV format specified with -f, or $LEDGER_FILE, or
       $HOME/.hledger.journal          (on          windows,           perhaps
       C:/Users/USER/.hledger.journal).  If using $LEDGER_FILE, note this must
       be a real environment variable, not a shell variable.  You can  specify
       standard input with -f-.

       Transactions  are  dated movements of money between two (or more) named
       accounts, and are recorded with journal entries like this:

              2015/10/16 bought food
               expenses:food          $10
               assets:cash

       For more about this format, see hledger_journal(5).

       Most users use a text editor to edit the journal, usually with an  edi-
       tor mode such as ledger-mode for added convenience.  hledger's interac-
       tive add command is another way to record  new  transactions.   hledger
       never changes existing transactions.

       To  get  started,  you  can  either save some entries like the above in
       ~/.hledger.journal, or run hledger add and follow  the  prompts.   Then
       try  some  commands like hledger print or hledger balance.  Run hledger
       with no arguments for a list of commands.

EXAMPLES
       Two simple transactions in hledger journal format:

              2015/9/30 gift received
                assets:cash   $20
                income:gifts

              2015/10/16 farmers market
                expenses:food    $10
                assets:cash

       Some basic reports:

              $ hledger print
              2015/09/30 gift received
                  assets:cash            $20
                  income:gifts          $-20

              2015/10/16 farmers market
                  expenses:food           $10
                  assets:cash            $-10

              $ hledger accounts --tree
              assets
                cash
              expenses
                food
              income
                gifts

              $ hledger balance
                               $10  assets:cash
                               $10  expenses:food
                              $-20  income:gifts
              --------------------
                                 0

              $ hledger register cash
              2015/09/30 gift received   assets:cash               $20           $20
              2015/10/16 farmers market  assets:cash              $-10           $10

       More commands:

              $ hledger                                 # show available commands
              $ hledger add                             # add more transactions to the journal file
              $ hledger balance                         # all accounts with aggregated balances
              $ hledger balance --help                  # show detailed help for balance command
              $ hledger balance --depth 1               # only top-level accounts
              $ hledger register                        # show account postings, with running total
              $ hledger reg income                      # show postings to/from income accounts
              $ hledger reg 'assets:some bank:checking' # show postings to/from this checking account
              $ hledger print desc:shop                 # show transactions with shop in the description
              $ hledger activity -W                     # show transaction counts per week as a bar chart

OPTIONS
   General options
       To see general usage help, including general  options  which  are  sup-
       ported by most hledger commands, run hledger -h.

       General help options:

       -h --help
              show general usage (or after COMMAND, command usage)

       --version
              show version

       --debug[=N]
              show debug output (levels 1-9, default: 1)

       General input options:

       -f FILE --file=FILE
              use  a  different  input  file.   For  stdin,  use  -  (default:
              $LEDGER_FILE or $HOME/.hledger.journal)

       --rules-file=RULESFILE
              Conversion  rules  file  to  use  when  reading  CSV   (default:
              FILE.rules)

       --separator=CHAR
              Field separator to expect when reading CSV (default: ',')

       --alias=OLD=NEW
              rename accounts named OLD to NEW

       --anon anonymize accounts and payees

       --pivot FIELDNAME
              use some other field or tag for the account name

       -I --ignore-assertions
              ignore any failing balance assertions

       General reporting options:

       -b --begin=DATE
              include postings/txns on or after this date

       -e --end=DATE
              include postings/txns before this date

       -D --daily
              multiperiod/multicolumn report by day

       -W --weekly
              multiperiod/multicolumn report by week

       -M --monthly
              multiperiod/multicolumn report by month

       -Q --quarterly
              multiperiod/multicolumn report by quarter

       -Y --yearly
              multiperiod/multicolumn report by year

       -p --period=PERIODEXP
              set  start date, end date, and/or reporting interval all at once
              using period expressions syntax (overrides the flags above)

       --date2
              match the secondary date instead (see  command  help  for  other
              effects)

       -U --unmarked
              include only unmarked postings/txns (can combine with -P or -C)

       -P --pending
              include only pending postings/txns

       -C --cleared
              include only cleared postings/txns

       -R --real
              include only non-virtual postings

       -NUM --depth=NUM
              hide/aggregate accounts or postings more than NUM levels deep

       -E --empty
              show  items with zero amount, normally hidden (and vice-versa in
              hledger-ui/hledger-web)

       -B --cost
              convert amounts to their cost at  transaction  time  (using  the
              transaction price, if any)

       -V --value
              convert  amounts  to  their  market value on the report end date
              (using the most recent applicable market price, if any)

       --auto apply automated posting rules to modify transactions.

       --forecast
              apply periodic transaction rules  to  generate  future  transac-
              tions, to 6 months from now or report end date.

       When a reporting option appears more than once in the command line, the
       last one takes precedence.

       Some reporting options can also be written as query arguments.

   Command options
       To see options for a  particular  command,  including  command-specific
       options, run: hledger COMMAND -h.

       Command-specific  options  must  be written after the command name, eg:
       hledger print -x.

       Additionally, if the command is an addon,  you  may  need  to  put  its
       options  after a double-hyphen, eg: hledger ui -- --watch.  Or, you can
       run the addon executable directly: hledger-ui --watch.

   Command arguments
       Most hledger commands accept arguments after the  command  name,  which
       are often a query, filtering the data in some way.

   Argument files
       You can save a set of command line options/arguments in a file, one per
       line, and then reuse them by writing @FILENAME in a command  line.   To
       prevent this expansion of @-arguments, precede them with a -- argument.
       For more, see Save frequently used options.

   Special characters in arguments and queries
       In shell command lines, option and argument values which contain "prob-
       lematic" characters, ie spaces, and also characters significant to your
       shell such as <, >, (, ), | and $, should be escaped by enclosing  them
       in quotes or by writing backslashes before the characters.  Eg:

       hledger   register   -p   'last  year'  "accounts  receivable  (receiv-
       able|payable)" amt:\>100.

   More escaping
       Characters significant both to the shell and in regular expressions may
       need  one extra level of escaping.  These include parentheses, the pipe
       symbol and the dollar sign.  Eg, to match the dollar symbol, bash users
       should do:

       hledger balance cur:'\$'

       or:

       hledger balance cur:\\$

   Even more escaping
       When  hledger runs an addon executable (eg you type hledger ui, hledger
       runs hledger-ui), it  de-escapes  command-line  options  and  arguments
       once,  so  you might need to triple-escape.  Eg in bash, running the ui
       command and matching the dollar sign, it's:

       hledger ui cur:'\\$'

       or:

       hledger ui cur:\\\\$

       If you asked why four slashes above, this may help:


       unescaped:        $
       escaped:          \$
       double-escaped:   \\$
       triple-escaped:   \\\\$

       (The number of backslashes in fish shell is left as an exercise for the
       reader.)

       You can always avoid the extra escaping for addons by running the addon
       directly:

       hledger-ui cur:\\$

   Less escaping
       Inside an argument file, or  in  the  search  field  of  hledger-ui  or
       hledger-web,  or  at a GHCI prompt, you need one less level of escaping
       than at the command line.  And backslashes may work better than quotes.
       Eg:

       ghci> :main balance cur:\$

   Command line tips
       If in doubt, keep things simple:

       o write options after the command (hledger CMD -OPTIONS ARGS)

       o run add-on executables directly (hledger-ui -OPTIONS ARGS)

       o enclose problematic args in single quotes

       o if needed, also add a backslash to escape regexp metacharacters

       To  find  out exactly how a command line is being parsed, add --debug=2
       to troubleshoot.

   Unicode characters
       hledger is expected to handle non-ascii characters correctly:

       o they should be parsed correctly in input files  and  on  the  command
         line,  by all hledger tools (add, iadd, hledger-web's search/add/edit
         forms, etc.)

       o they should be displayed correctly by  all  hledger  tools,  and  on-
         screen alignment should be preserved.

       This requires a well-configured environment.  Here are some tips:

       o A  system  locale  must  be  configured,  and it must be one that can
         decode the characters being used.  In bash, you can set a locale like
         this:  export LANG=en_US.UTF-8.  There are some more details in Trou-
         bleshooting.  This step is essential - without it, hledger will  quit
         on  encountering a non-ascii character (as with all GHC-compiled pro-
         grams).

       o your terminal software (eg  Terminal.app,  iTerm,  CMD.exe,  xterm..)
         must support unicode

       o the terminal must be using a font which includes the required unicode
         glyphs

       o the terminal should be configured to display wide characters as  dou-
         ble width (for report alignment)

       o on  Windows, for best results you should run hledger in the same kind
         of environment in which it was built.  Eg hledger built in the  stan-
         dard  CMD.EXE  environment  (like  the binaries on our download page)
         might show display problems when run in a cygwin  or  msys  terminal,
         and vice versa.  (See eg #961).

   Input files
       hledger reads transactions from a data file (and the add command writes
       to it).  By default this file is $HOME/.hledger.journal (or on Windows,
       something  like C:/Users/USER/.hledger.journal).  You can override this
       with the $LEDGER_FILE environment variable:

              $ setenv LEDGER_FILE ~/finance/2016.journal
              $ hledger stats

       or with the -f/--file option:

              $ hledger -f /some/file stats

       The file name - (hyphen) means standard input:

              $ cat some.journal | hledger -f-

       Usually the data file is in hledger's journal format, but it  can  also
       be  one  of  several  other formats, listed below.  hledger detects the
       format automatically based on the file extension, or  if  that  is  not
       recognised, by trying each built-in "reader" in turn:


       Reader:      Reads:                               Used for file extensions:
       -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       journal      hledger's  journal  format,  also    .journal    .j    .hledger
                    some Ledger journals                 .ledger
       timeclock    timeclock   files  (precise  time    .timeclock
                    logging)
       timedot      timedot files  (approximate  time    .timedot
                    logging)
       csv          comma-separated    values   (data    .csv
                    interchange)

       If needed (eg to ensure correct error messages  when  a  file  has  the
       "wrong"  extension), you can force a specific reader/format by prepend-
       ing it to the file path with a colon.  Examples:

              $ hledger -f csv:/some/csv-file.dat stats
              $ echo 'i 2009/13/1 08:00:00' | hledger print -ftimeclock:-

       You can also specify multiple -f options, to read multiple files as one
       big journal.  There are some limitations with this:

       o directives in one file will not affect the other files

       o balance  assertions  will  not see any account balances from previous
         files

       If you need those, either use the include directive, or concatenate the
       files, eg: cat a.journal b.journal | hledger -f- CMD.

   Smart dates
       hledger's user interfaces accept a flexible "smart date" syntax (unlike
       dates in the journal file).  Smart dates allow some english words,  can
       be  relative  to today's date, and can have less-significant date parts
       omitted (defaulting to 1).

       Examples:


       2004/10/1,     2004-01-01,   exact  date, several sepa-
       2004.9.1                     rators allowed.   Year  is
                                    4+  digits, month is 1-12,
                                    day is 1-31
       2004                         start of year
       2004/10                      start of month
       10/1                         month and day  in  current
                                    year
       21                           day in current month
       october, oct                 start  of month in current
                                    year
       yesterday, today, tomorrow   -1, 0, 1 days from today
       last/this/next               -1,  0, 1 periods from the
       day/week/month/quar-         current period
       ter/year
       20181201                     8  digit   YYYYMMDD   with
                                    valid year month and day
       201812                       6  digit YYYYMM with valid
                                    year and month

       Counterexamples -  malformed  digit  sequences  might  give  surprising
       results:


       201813      6  digits  with an invalid
                   month is parsed  as  start
                   of 6-digit year
       20181301    8  digits  with an invalid
                   month is parsed  as  start
                   of 8-digit year
       20181232    8  digits  with an invalid
                   day gives an error
       201801012   9+ digits beginning with a
                   valid  YYYYMMDD  gives  an
                   error

   Report start & end date
       Most hledger reports show the full span  of  time  represented  by  the
       journal data, by default.  So, the effective report start and end dates
       will be the earliest and latest transaction or posting dates  found  in
       the journal.

       Often  you  will  want  to see a shorter time span, such as the current
       month.  You can specify a  start  and/or  end  date  using  -b/--begin,
       -e/--end, -p/--period or a date: query (described below).  All of these
       accept the smart date syntax.  One important thing to be aware of  when
       specifying  end  dates:  as  in Ledger, end dates are exclusive, so you
       need to write the date after the last day you want to include.

       Examples:


       -b 2016/3/17      begin  on  St.   Patrick's
                         day 2016
       -e 12/1           end at the start of decem-
                         ber  1st  of  the  current
                         year  (11/30  will  be the
                         last date included)



       -b thismonth      all  transactions  on   or
                         after  the 1st of the cur-
                         rent month
       -p thismonth      all  transactions  in  the
                         current month
       date:2016/3/17-   the   above   written   as
                         queries instead
       date:-12/1
       date:thismonth-
       date:thismonth

   Report intervals
       A report interval can be specified so that commands like register, bal-
       ance  and  activity will divide their reports into multiple subperiods.
       The  basic  intervals  can  be  selected  with   one   of   -D/--daily,
       -W/--weekly,  -M/--monthly,  -Q/--quarterly, or -Y/--yearly.  More com-
       plex intervals may be  specified  with  a  period  expression.   Report
       intervals can not be specified with a query, currently.

   Period expressions
       The  -p/--period  option accepts period expressions, a shorthand way of
       expressing a start date, end date, and/or report interval all at  once.

       Here's  a basic period expression specifying the first quarter of 2009.
       Note, hledger always treats start dates as inclusive and end  dates  as
       exclusive:

       -p "from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1"

       Keywords  like  "from" and "to" are optional, and so are the spaces, as
       long as you don't run two dates together.  "to" can also be written  as
       "-".  These are equivalent to the above:


       -p "2009/1/1 2009/4/1"
       -p2009/1/1to2009/4/1
       -p2009/1/1-2009/4/1

       Dates  are  smart  dates, so if the current year is 2009, the above can
       also be written as:


       -p "1/1 4/1"
       -p "january-apr"
       -p "this year to 4/1"

       If you specify only one date, the missing start or end date will be the
       earliest or latest transaction in your journal:


       -p "from 2009/1/1"   everything  after  january
                            1, 2009
       -p "from 2009/1"     the same
       -p "from 2009"       the same
       -p "to 2009"         everything before  january
                            1, 2009

       A  single  date  with  no "from" or "to" defines both the start and end
       date like so:


       -p "2009"       the year 2009;  equivalent
                       to "2009/1/1 to 2010/1/1"
       -p "2009/1"     the  month of jan; equiva-
                       lent   to   "2009/1/1   to
                       2009/2/1"

       -p "2009/1/1"   just  that day; equivalent
                       to "2009/1/1 to 2009/1/2"

       The argument of -p can also  begin  with,  or  be,  a  report  interval
       expression.   The  basic  report  intervals are daily, weekly, monthly,
       quarterly, or yearly, which have the same effect as the -D,-W,-M,-Q, or
       -Y  flags.   Between  report interval and start/end dates (if any), the
       word in is optional.  Examples:


       -p "weekly from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1"
       -p "monthly in 2008"
       -p "quarterly"

       Note that weekly, monthly, quarterly and yearly intervals  will  always
       start on the first day on week, month, quarter or year accordingly, and
       will end on the last day of same  period,  even  if  associated  period
       expression specifies different explicit start and end date.

       For example:


       -p  "weekly  from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1"
       -- starts on 2008/12/29,  closest  pre-
       ceeding Monday
       -p "monthly in 2008/11/25" -- starts on
       2018/11/01
       -p  "quarterly   from   2009-05-05   to
       2009-06-01"  -  starts  on  2009/04/01,
       ends on 2009/06/30, which are first and
       last days of Q2 2009
       -p "yearly from 2009-12-29" - starts on
       2009/01/01, first day of 2009

       The  following  more  complex  report  intervals  are  also  supported:
       biweekly,   bimonthly,   every   day|week|month|quarter|year,  every  N
       days|weeks|months|quarters|years.

       All of these will start on the first day of the  requested  period  and
       end on the last one, as described above.

       Examples:


       -p  "bimonthly  from  2008"  -- periods
       will  have  boundaries  on  2008/01/01,
       2008/03/01, ...
       -p "every 2 weeks" -- starts on closest
       preceeding Monday
       -p "every  5  month  from  2009/03"  --
       periods   will   have   boundaries   on
       2009/03/01, 2009/08/01, ...

       If you want intervals that start on arbitrary day of your choosing  and
       span a week, month or year, you need to use any of the following:

       every Nth day of week, every <weekday>, every Nth day [of month], every
       Nth weekday [of month], every MM/DD [of year], every Nth MMM [of year],
       every MMM Nth [of year].

       Examples:


       -p  "every  2nd day of week" -- periods
       will go from Tue to Tue
       -p "every Tue" -- same

       -p "every 15th day"  --  period  bound-
       aries will be on 15th of each month
       -p  "every 2nd Monday" -- period bound-
       aries will be on second Monday of  each
       month
       -p "every 11/05" -- yearly periods with
       boundaries on 5th of Nov
       -p "every 5th Nov" -- same
       -p "every Nov 5th" -- same

       Show historical balances at end of 15th each month (N is exclusive  end
       date):

       hledger balance -H -p "every 16th day"

       Group  postings  from  start  of wednesday to end of next tuesday (N is
       start date and exclusive end date):

       hledger register checking -p "every 3rd day of week"

   Depth limiting
       With the --depth N option (short form: -N), commands like account, bal-
       ance  and register will show only the uppermost accounts in the account
       tree, down to level N.  Use this when you  want  a  summary  with  less
       detail.   This  flag has the same effect as a depth: query argument (so
       -2, --depth=2 or depth:2 are basically equivalent).

   Pivoting
       Normally hledger sums amounts, and organizes them in a hierarchy, based
       on  account  name.  The --pivot FIELD option causes it to sum and orga-
       nize hierarchy based on the value of some other field  instead.   FIELD
       can be: code, description, payee, note, or the full name (case insensi-
       tive) of any tag.  As with account names, values containing colon:sepa-
       rated:parts will be displayed hierarchically in reports.

       --pivot  is  a  general  option affecting all reports; you can think of
       hledger transforming the journal before any other processing, replacing
       every  posting's  account name with the value of the specified field on
       that posting, inheriting it from the transaction or using a blank value
       if it's not present.

       An example:

              2016/02/16 Member Fee Payment
                  assets:bank account                    2 EUR
                  income:member fees                    -2 EUR  ; member: John Doe

       Normal balance report showing account names:

              $ hledger balance
                             2 EUR  assets:bank account
                            -2 EUR  income:member fees
              --------------------
                                 0

       Pivoted balance report, using member: tag values instead:

              $ hledger balance --pivot member
                             2 EUR
                            -2 EUR  John Doe
              --------------------
                                 0

       One  way  to  show  only  amounts  with a member: value (using a query,
       described below):

              $ hledger balance --pivot member tag:member=.
                            -2 EUR  John Doe
              --------------------
                            -2 EUR

       Another way (the acct:  query  matches  against  the  pivoted  "account
       name"):

              $ hledger balance --pivot member acct:.
                            -2 EUR  John Doe
              --------------------
                            -2 EUR

   Cost
       The  -B/--cost flag converts amounts to their cost at transaction time,
       if they have a transaction price specified.

   Market value
       The -V/--market flag converts reported amounts to their market value in
       another commodity.  It uses the commodity referenced in the latest mar-
       ket price (P directive) dated on or before  the  valuation  date.   The
       default valuation date is today.  For example:

              # one euro is worth this many dollars from nov 1
              P 2016/11/01 EUR $1.10

              # purchase some euros on nov 3
              2016/11/3
                  assets:euros        EUR100
                  assets:checking

              # the euro is worth fewer dollars by dec 21
              P 2016/12/21 EUR $1.03

       How many euros do I have ?

              $ hledger -f t.j bal -N euros
                              EUR100  assets:euros

       What are they worth at end of nov 3 ?

              $ hledger -f t.j bal -N euros -V -e 2016/11/4
                           $110.00  assets:euros

       What  are they worth after 2016/12/21 ?  (no report end date specified,
       defaults to today)

              $ hledger -f t.j bal -N euros -V
                           $103.00  assets:euros

       Ledger users: Ledger's  -V  also  infers  market  prices  from  journal
       entries,  but  we  don't do that.  hledger's -V uses only market prices
       declared explicitly, with  P  directives.   (Mnemonic:  -B/--cost  uses
       transaction prices, -V/--market uses market prices.)

   More control over valuation
       (experimental, added 201905)

       You can control valuation more precisely with the --value option.

               --value=TYPE   which type of valuation should be done ? cost|end|now|YYYY-MM-DD

       The  argument is one of the keywords shown, or their first letter, or a
       custom date.  The precise effect of the keywords  is  command-specific,
       but here is their general meaning:

       --value=cost (or c)
              Convert  amounts  to cost, using the prices recorded in transac-
              tions.  -B/--cost does this.

       --value=end (or e)
              Convert amounts to their value in  default  valuation  commodity
              using  market prices on the last day of the report period (or of
              each subperiod in a multiperiod report).  When no report  period
              is specified, uses the journal's last transaction date.

       --value=now (or n)
              Convert  amounts  to  their value in default valuation commodity
              using current market prices (as of when  report  is  generated).
              -V/--market does this.

       --value=YYYY-MM-DD
              Convert  amounts  to  their value in default valuation commodity
              using market prices on the given date (which must  be  8  digits
              with - or / or . separators).  Eg --value=2019-04-25.

       Here are the effects of --value as seen with print:

              P 2000-01-01 A  1 B
              P 2000-02-01 A  2 B
              P 2000-03-01 A  3 B
              P 2000-04-01 A  4 B

              2000-01-01
                (a)      1 A @ 5 B

              2000-02-01
                (a)      1 A @ 6 B

              2000-03-01
                (a)      1 A @ 7 B

       Show the cost of each posting:

              $ hledger -f- print --value=cost
              2000/01/01
                  (a)             5 B

              2000/02/01
                  (a)             6 B

              2000/03/01
                  (a)             7 B

       Show the value as of the last day of the report period (2000-02-29):

              $ hledger -f- print --value=end date:2000/01-2000/03
              2000-01-01
                  (a)             2 B

              2000-02-01
                  (a)             2 B

       With  no  report  period specified, that shows the value as of the last
       day of the journal (2000-03-01):

              $ hledger -f- print --value=end
              2000/01/01
                  (a)             3 B

              2000/02/01
                  (a)             3 B

              2000/03/01
                  (a)             3 B

       Show the current value (the 2000-04-01 price is still in effect today):

              $ hledger -f- print --value=now
              2000-01-01
                  (a)             4 B

              2000-02-01
                  (a)             4 B

              2000-03-01
                  (a)             4 B

       Show the value on 2000/01/15:

              $ hledger -f- print --value=2000-01-15
              2000/01/01
                  (a)             1 B

              2000/02/01
                  (a)             1 B

              2000/03/01
                  (a)             1 B

   Effect of --value on reports
       Below  is  how  --value  affects  each of hledger's reports, currently.
       You're not expected to remember all this, but  when  troubleshooting  a
       report, look here.  If you find problems - useless reports, misbehaving
       reports, or error messages being printed -  please  report  them  (with
       reproducible examples) eg at #329.


       Report type     --value cost     --value end                 --value DATE/now
       ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
       print
       posting         cost,       as   market  value  at  report   market   value  at
       amounts         recorded    in   end                         DATE
                       transaction
       balance         show unvalued    show unvalued               show unvalued
       asser-
       tions/assign-
       ments
       register
       starting bal-   cost of start-   market   value   at   day   market  value   at
       ance with -H    ing balance      before report start         DATE
       posting         cost             market  value  at  report   market   value  at
       amounts                          end                         DATE
       posting         summarised       market value each summary   market value  each
       amounts, mul-   cost             posting at period end       summary posting at
       tiperiod                                                     DATE
       running         sum/average of   sum/average of  the  dis-   sum/average of the
       total/average   the  displayed   played values               displayed values
                       values
       balance  (bs,
       cf, is..)
       starting bal-   costs       of   market   value   at   day   market   value  at
       ances with -H   starting  bal-   before  report  start  of   DATE  of  sum   of
                       ances            sum of previous postings    previous postings
       balances,       summed costs     market  value  at  period   market  value   at
       simple   bal-                    end of sum of postings      DATE   of  sum  of
       ance report                                                  postings
       balances,       summed costs     market  value  at  period   market   value  at
       multiperiod                      end of sum of postings      DATE  of  sum   of
       report                                                       postings
       budget          costs  of bud-   budget-setting   periodic   budget-setting
       amounts  with   get amounts      txns are valued at period   periodic  txns are
       --budget                         end                         valued at DATE



       col-            sum/average of   market  value  at  period   market   value  at
       umn/row/grand   the  displayed   end  of  sum/average   of   DATE of  sum/aver-
       totals/aver-    values           postings                    age of postings
       ages

   Some useful value reports
       Here  are some probably useful reports - please send suggestions if you
       find out more:


       Command:           Description of report:         Could answer:
       -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       hledger  bs   -M   Monthly  historical value of   How  are  my   investments
       --value=p          assets/liabilities             performing ?
       hledger   is  -M   Monthly      contemporaneous   How  much foreign currency
       --value=t          value of revenues/expenses     have I been spending ?

   Combining -B, -V, --value
       The rightmost of these flags wins.

   Output destination
       Some commands (print, register, stats, the balance commands) can  write
       their  output  to  a  destination other than the console.  This is con-
       trolled by the -o/--output-file option.

              $ hledger balance -o -     # write to stdout (the default)
              $ hledger balance -o FILE  # write to FILE

   Output format
       Some commands can write their output in other formats.   Eg  print  and
       register  can  output  CSV,  and the balance commands can output CSV or
       HTML.  This is controlled by the -O/--output-format option, or by spec-
       ifying a .csv or .html file extension with -o/--output-file.

              $ hledger balance -O csv       # write CSV to stdout
              $ hledger balance -o FILE.csv  # write CSV to FILE.csv

   Regular expressions
       hledger uses regular expressions in a number of places:

       o query  terms, on the command line and in the hledger-web search form:
         REGEX, desc:REGEX, cur:REGEX, tag:...=REGEX

       o CSV rules conditional blocks: if REGEX ...

       o account alias directives and options: alias  /REGEX/  =  REPLACEMENT,
         --alias /REGEX/=REPLACEMENT

       hledger's  regular  expressions  come  from the regex-tdfa library.  In
       general they:

       o are case insensitive

       o are infix matching (do not need  to  match  the  entire  thing  being
         matched)

       o are POSIX extended regular expressions

       o also support GNU word boundaries (\<, \>, \b, \B)

       o and  parenthesised  capturing  groups  and  numeric backreferences in
         replacement strings

       o do not support mode modifiers like (?s)

       Some things to note:

       o In the alias directive and --alias option, regular  expressions  must
         be  enclosed  in  forward  slashes  (/REGEX/).  Elsewhere in hledger,
         these are not required.

       o In queries, to match a regular expression metacharacter like $  as  a
         literal  character,  prepend  a  backslash.  Eg to search for amounts
         with the dollar sign in hledger-web, write cur:\$.

       o On the command line, some metacharacters like $ have a special  mean-
         ing to the shell and so must be escaped at least once more.  See Spe-
         cial characters.

QUERIES
       One of hledger's strengths is being able to quickly report  on  precise
       subsets  of  your data.  Most commands accept an optional query expres-
       sion, written as arguments after the command name, to filter  the  data
       by  date,  account  name or other criteria.  The syntax is similar to a
       web search: one or more space-separated search terms, quotes to enclose
       whitespace,  prefixes to match specific fields, a not: prefix to negate
       the match.

       We do not yet support arbitrary boolean combinations of  search  terms;
       instead  most  commands show transactions/postings/accounts which match
       (or negatively match):

       o any of the description terms AND

       o any of the account terms AND

       o any of the status terms AND

       o all the other terms.

       The print command instead shows transactions which:

       o match any of the description terms AND

       o have any postings matching any of the positive account terms AND

       o have no postings matching any of the negative account terms AND

       o match all the other terms.

       The following kinds of search terms can be used.   Remember  these  can
       also be prefixed with not:, eg to exclude a particular subaccount.

       REGEX, acct:REGEX
              match  account  names by this regular expression.  (With no pre-
              fix, acct: is assumed.)  same as above

       amt:N, amt:<N, amt:<=N, amt:>N, amt:>=N
              match postings with a single-commodity amount that is equal  to,
              less  than, or greater than N.  (Multi-commodity amounts are not
              tested, and will always match.) The comparison has two modes: if
              N is preceded by a + or - sign (or is 0), the two signed numbers
              are compared.  Otherwise, the absolute magnitudes are  compared,
              ignoring sign.

       code:REGEX
              match by transaction code (eg check number)

       cur:REGEX
              match  postings or transactions including any amounts whose cur-
              rency/commodity symbol is fully matched by REGEX.  (For  a  par-
              tial match, use .*REGEX.*).  Note, to match characters which are
              regex-significant, like the dollar sign ($), you need to prepend
              \.   And  when  using  the command line you need to add one more
              level of quoting to hide it from the shell, so  eg  do:  hledger
              print cur:'\$' or hledger print cur:\\$.

       desc:REGEX
              match transaction descriptions.

       date:PERIODEXPR
              match dates within the specified period.  PERIODEXPR is a period
              expression (with  no  report  interval).   Examples:  date:2016,
              date:thismonth,   date:2000/2/1-2/15,  date:lastweek-.   If  the
              --date2 command line flag is  present,  this  matches  secondary
              dates instead.

       date2:PERIODEXPR
              match secondary dates within the specified period.

       depth:N
              match  (or  display,  depending on command) accounts at or above
              this depth

       note:REGEX
              match transaction notes (part of  description  right  of  |,  or
              whole description when there's no |)

       payee:REGEX
              match transaction payee/payer names (part of description left of
              |, or whole description when there's no |)

       real:, real:0
              match real or virtual postings respectively

       status:, status:!, status:*
              match unmarked, pending, or cleared transactions respectively

       tag:REGEX[=REGEX]
              match by tag name, and optionally also by  tag  value.   Note  a
              tag:  query  is  considered to match a transaction if it matches
              any of the postings.  Also remember that  postings  inherit  the
              tags of their parent transaction.

       The following special search term is used automatically in hledger-web,
       only:

       inacct:ACCTNAME
              tells hledger-web to show  the  transaction  register  for  this
              account.  Can be filtered further with acct etc.

       Some of these can also be expressed as command-line options (eg depth:2
       is equivalent to --depth 2).  Generally you can mix options  and  query
       arguments,  and the resulting query will be their intersection (perhaps
       excluding the -p/--period option).

COMMANDS
       hledger provides a number of subcommands;  hledger  with  no  arguments
       shows a list.

       If you install additional hledger-* packages, or if you put programs or
       scripts named hledger-NAME in your PATH, these will also be  listed  as
       subcommands.

       Run  a  subcommand  by  writing  its name as first argument (eg hledger
       incomestatement).  You can also write one of the standard short aliases
       displayed  in  parentheses  in the command list (hledger b), or any any
       unambiguous prefix of a command name (hledger inc).

       Here are all the builtin commands  in  alphabetical  order.   See  also
       hledger  for  a  more  organised  command  list, and hledger CMD -h for
       detailed command help.

   accounts
       accounts, a
       Show account names.

       This command lists account names, either declared with  account  direc-
       tives  (--declared),  posted  to (--used), or both (the default).  With
       query arguments, only matched account names and  account  names  refer-
       enced  by matched postings are shown.  It shows a flat list by default.
       With --tree, it uses indentation to show  the  account  hierarchy.   In
       flat  mode you can add --drop N to omit the first few account name com-
       ponents.  Account names can be depth-clipped with depth:N or --depth  N
       or -N.

       Examples:

              $ hledger accounts
              assets:bank:checking
              assets:bank:saving
              assets:cash
              expenses:food
              expenses:supplies
              income:gifts
              income:salary
              liabilities:debts

   activity
       activity
       Show an ascii barchart of posting counts per interval.

       The  activity  command  displays an ascii histogram showing transaction
       counts by day, week, month or other reporting interval (by day  is  the
       default).  With query arguments, it counts only matched transactions.

       Examples:

              $ hledger activity --quarterly
              2008-01-01 **
              2008-04-01 *******
              2008-07-01
              2008-10-01 **

   add
       add
       Prompt for transactions and add them to the journal.

       Many  hledger users edit their journals directly with a text editor, or
       generate them from CSV.  For more interactive data entry, there is  the
       add  command, which prompts interactively on the console for new trans-
       actions, and appends them to the journal file (if there are multiple -f
       FILE  options,  the  first file is used.) Existing transactions are not
       changed.  This is the only hledger command that writes to  the  journal
       file.

       To use it, just run hledger add and follow the prompts.  You can add as
       many transactions as you like; when you are finished, enter . or  press
       control-d or control-c to exit.

       Features:

       o add  tries  to  provide  useful  defaults, using the most similar (by
         description) recent transaction (filtered by the query, if any) as  a
         template.

       o You can also set the initial defaults with command line arguments.

       o Readline-style edit keys can be used during data entry.

       o The tab key will auto-complete whenever possible - accounts, descrip-
         tions, dates (yesterday, today, tomorrow).   If  the  input  area  is
         empty, it will insert the default value.

       o If  the  journal defines a default commodity, it will be added to any
         bare numbers entered.

       o A parenthesised transaction code may be entered following a date.

       o Comments and tags may be entered following a description or amount.

       o If you make a mistake, enter < at any prompt to restart the  transac-
         tion.

       o Input  prompts  are displayed in a different colour when the terminal
         supports it.

       Example (see the tutorial for a detailed explanation):

              $ hledger add
              Adding transactions to journal file /src/hledger/examples/sample.journal
              Any command line arguments will be used as defaults.
              Use tab key to complete, readline keys to edit, enter to accept defaults.
              An optional (CODE) may follow transaction dates.
              An optional ; COMMENT may follow descriptions or amounts.
              If you make a mistake, enter < at any prompt to restart the transaction.
              To end a transaction, enter . when prompted.
              To quit, enter . at a date prompt or press control-d or control-c.
              Date [2015/05/22]:
              Description: supermarket
              Account 1: expenses:food
              Amount  1: $10
              Account 2: assets:checking
              Amount  2 [$-10.0]:
              Account 3 (or . or enter to finish this transaction): .
              2015/05/22 supermarket
                  expenses:food             $10
                  assets:checking        $-10.0

              Save this transaction to the journal ? [y]:
              Saved.
              Starting the next transaction (. or ctrl-D/ctrl-C to quit)
              Date [2015/05/22]: <CTRL-D> $

   balance
       balance, bal, b
       Show accounts and their balances.

       The balance command is hledger's most versatile command.  Note, despite
       the  name,  it  is  not always used for showing real-world account bal-
       ances; the more accounting-aware balancesheet and  incomestatement  may
       be more convenient for that.

       By default, it displays all accounts, and each account's change in bal-
       ance during the entire period of the journal.  Balance changes are cal-
       culated  by  adding up the postings in each account.  You can limit the
       postings matched, by a query, to see fewer  accounts,  changes  over  a
       different time period, changes from only cleared transactions, etc.

       If you include an account's complete history of postings in the report,
       the balance change is equivalent to the account's current  ending  bal-
       ance.   For a real-world account, typically you won't have all transac-
       tions in the journal; instead you'll have all transactions after a cer-
       tain  date,  and  an "opening balances" transaction setting the correct
       starting balance on that date.  Then  the  balance  command  will  show
       real-world account balances.  In some cases the -H/--historical flag is
       used to ensure this (more below).

       The balance command can produce several styles of report:

   Classic balance report
       This is the original balance report, as found in  Ledger.   It  usually
       looks like this:

              $ hledger balance
                               $-1  assets
                                $1    bank:saving
                               $-2    cash
                                $2  expenses
                                $1    food
                                $1    supplies
                               $-2  income
                               $-1    gifts
                               $-1    salary
                                $1  liabilities:debts
              --------------------
                                 0

       By  default,  accounts  are  displayed hierarchically, with subaccounts
       indented below their parent.  At each level of the tree,  accounts  are
       sorted  by  account  code  if  any,  then  by  account  name.   Or with
       -S/--sort-amount, by their balance amount.

       "Boring" accounts, which contain a single interesting subaccount and no
       balance  of their own, are elided into the following line for more com-
       pact output.  (Eg above, the "liabilities" account.) Use --no-elide  to
       prevent this.

       Account  balances  are  "inclusive"  - they include the balances of any
       subaccounts.

       Accounts which have zero balance  (and  no  non-zero  subaccounts)  are
       omitted.  Use -E/--empty to show them.

       A  final  total  is displayed by default; use -N/--no-total to suppress
       it, eg:

              $ hledger balance -p 2008/6 expenses --no-total
                                $2  expenses
                                $1    food
                                $1    supplies

   Customising the classic balance report
       You can customise the layout of classic balance reports  with  --format
       FMT:

              $ hledger balance --format "%20(account) %12(total)"
                            assets          $-1
                       bank:saving           $1
                              cash          $-2
                          expenses           $2
                              food           $1
                          supplies           $1
                            income          $-2
                             gifts          $-1
                            salary          $-1
                 liabilities:debts           $1
              ---------------------------------
                                              0

       The FMT format string (plus a newline) specifies the formatting applied
       to each account/balance pair.  It may contain any suitable  text,  with
       data fields interpolated like so:

       %[MIN][.MAX](FIELDNAME)

       o MIN pads with spaces to at least this width (optional)

       o MAX truncates at this width (optional)

       o FIELDNAME must be enclosed in parentheses, and can be one of:

         o depth_spacer  - a number of spaces equal to the account's depth, or
           if MIN is specified, MIN * depth spaces.

         o account - the account's name

         o total - the account's balance/posted total, right justified

       Also, FMT can begin with an optional prefix to control  how  multi-com-
       modity amounts are rendered:

       o %_ - render on multiple lines, bottom-aligned (the default)

       o %^ - render on multiple lines, top-aligned

       o %, - render on one line, comma-separated

       There  are  some  quirks.   Eg in one-line mode, %(depth_spacer) has no
       effect, instead %(account) has indentation built  in.   Experimentation
       may be needed to get pleasing results.

       Some example formats:

       o %(total) - the account's total

       o %-20.20(account)  -  the account's name, left justified, padded to 20
         characters and clipped at 20 characters

       o %,%-50(account)  %25(total) - account name padded to  50  characters,
         total  padded to 20 characters, with multiple commodities rendered on
         one line

       o %20(total)  %2(depth_spacer)%-(account) - the default format for  the
         single-column balance report

   Colour support
       The balance command shows negative amounts in red, if:

       o the TERM environment variable is not set to dumb

       o the output is not being redirected or piped anywhere

   Flat mode
       To  see  a  flat  list instead of the default hierarchical display, use
       --flat.  In this mode, accounts (unless depth-clipped) show their  full
       names  and  "exclusive" balance, excluding any subaccount balances.  In
       this mode, you can also use --drop N to omit the first few account name
       components.

              $ hledger balance -p 2008/6 expenses -N --flat --drop 1
                                $1  food
                                $1  supplies

   Depth limited balance reports
       With  --depth  N  or  depth:N or just -N, balance reports show accounts
       only to the specified numeric depth.  This is very useful to  summarise
       a complex set of accounts and get an overview.

              $ hledger balance -N -1
                               $-1  assets
                                $2  expenses
                               $-2  income
                                $1  liabilities

       Flat-mode balance reports, which normally show exclusive balances, show
       inclusive balances at the depth limit.

   Multicolumn balance report
       Multicolumn or tabular balance reports are a very useful  hledger  fea-
       ture,  and  usually  the preferred style.  They share many of the above
       features, but they show the report as a table, with columns  represent-
       ing  time  periods.   This  mode  is activated by providing a reporting
       interval.

       There are three types of multicolumn balance report, showing  different
       information:

       1. By default: each column shows the sum of postings in that period, ie
          the account's change of balance in that period.  This is  useful  eg
          for a monthly income statement:

                  $ hledger balance --quarterly income expenses -E
                  Balance changes in 2008:

                                     ||  2008q1  2008q2  2008q3  2008q4
                  ===================++=================================
                   expenses:food     ||       0      $1       0       0
                   expenses:supplies ||       0      $1       0       0
                   income:gifts      ||       0     $-1       0       0
                   income:salary     ||     $-1       0       0       0
                  -------------------++---------------------------------
                                     ||     $-1      $1       0       0

       2. With  --cumulative:  each  column  shows the ending balance for that
          period, accumulating the changes across periods, starting from 0  at
          the report start date:

                  $ hledger balance --quarterly income expenses -E --cumulative
                  Ending balances (cumulative) in 2008:

                                     ||  2008/03/31  2008/06/30  2008/09/30  2008/12/31
                  ===================++=================================================
                   expenses:food     ||           0          $1          $1          $1
                   expenses:supplies ||           0          $1          $1          $1
                   income:gifts      ||           0         $-1         $-1         $-1
                   income:salary     ||         $-1         $-1         $-1         $-1
                  -------------------++-------------------------------------------------
                                     ||         $-1           0           0           0

       3. With --historical/-H: each column shows the actual historical ending
          balance for that period, accumulating the  changes  across  periods,
          starting  from the actual balance at the report start date.  This is
          useful eg for a multi-period balance sheet, and when you are showing
          only the data after a certain start date:

                  $ hledger balance ^assets ^liabilities --quarterly --historical --begin 2008/4/1
                  Ending balances (historical) in 2008/04/01-2008/12/31:

                                        ||  2008/06/30  2008/09/30  2008/12/31
                  ======================++=====================================
                   assets:bank:checking ||          $1          $1           0
                   assets:bank:saving   ||          $1          $1          $1
                   assets:cash          ||         $-2         $-2         $-2
                   liabilities:debts    ||           0           0          $1
                  ----------------------++-------------------------------------
                                        ||           0           0           0

       Note that --cumulative or --historical/-H disable --row-total/-T, since
       summing end balances generally does not make sense.

       Multicolumn balance reports display accounts in flat mode  by  default;
       to see the hierarchy, use --tree.

       With   a  reporting  interval  (like  --quarterly  above),  the  report
       start/end dates will be adjusted if necessary so  that  they  encompass
       the displayed report periods.  This is so that the first and last peri-
       ods will be "full" and comparable to the others.

       The -E/--empty flag does two things  in  multicolumn  balance  reports:
       first,  the  report  will  show all columns within the specified report
       period (without -E, leading and trailing columns with  all  zeroes  are
       not  shown).   Second,  all  accounts which existed at the report start
       date will be considered, not just the ones  with  activity  during  the
       report period (use -E to include low-activity accounts which would oth-
       erwise would be omitted).

       The -T/--row-total flag adds an additional column showing the total for
       each row.

       The  -A/--average  flag adds a column showing the average value in each
       row.

       Here's an example of all three:

              $ hledger balance -Q income expenses --tree -ETA
              Balance changes in 2008:

                          ||  2008q1  2008q2  2008q3  2008q4    Total  Average
              ============++===================================================
               expenses   ||       0      $2       0       0       $2       $1
                 food     ||       0      $1       0       0       $1        0
                 supplies ||       0      $1       0       0       $1        0
               income     ||     $-1     $-1       0       0      $-2      $-1
                 gifts    ||       0     $-1       0       0      $-1        0
                 salary   ||     $-1       0       0       0      $-1        0
              ------------++---------------------------------------------------
                          ||     $-1      $1       0       0        0        0

              # Average is rounded to the dollar here since all journal amounts are

       Limitations:

       In multicolumn reports the -V/--value flag uses the market price on the
       report  end  date,  for all columns (not the price on each column's end
       date).

       Eliding of boring parent accounts in tree mode, as in the classic  bal-
       ance report, is not yet supported in multicolumn reports.

   Budget report
       With  --budget,  extra  columns  are displayed showing budget goals for
       each account and period, if any.  Budget goals are defined by  periodic
       transactions.   This  is  very  useful for comparing planned and actual
       income, expenses, time usage, etc.  --budget  is  most  often  combined
       with a report interval.

       For  example,  you  can  take  average  monthly  expenses in the common
       expense categories to construct a minimal monthly budget:

              ;; Budget
              ~ monthly
                income  $2000
                expenses:food    $400
                expenses:bus     $50
                expenses:movies  $30
                assets:bank:checking

              ;; Two months worth of expenses
              2017-11-01
                income  $1950
                expenses:food    $396
                expenses:bus     $49
                expenses:movies  $30
                expenses:supplies  $20
                assets:bank:checking

              2017-12-01
                income  $2100
                expenses:food    $412
                expenses:bus     $53
                expenses:gifts   $100
                assets:bank:checking

       You can now see a monthly budget report:

              $ hledger balance -M --budget
              Budget performance in 2017/11/01-2017/12/31:

                                    ||                      Nov                       Dec
              ======================++====================================================
               assets               || $-2445 [  99% of $-2480]  $-2665 [ 107% of $-2480]
               assets:bank          || $-2445 [  99% of $-2480]  $-2665 [ 107% of $-2480]
               assets:bank:checking || $-2445 [  99% of $-2480]  $-2665 [ 107% of $-2480]
               expenses             ||   $495 [ 103% of   $480]    $565 [ 118% of   $480]
               expenses:bus         ||    $49 [  98% of    $50]     $53 [ 106% of    $50]
               expenses:food        ||   $396 [  99% of   $400]    $412 [ 103% of   $400]
               expenses:movies      ||    $30 [ 100% of    $30]       0 [   0% of    $30]
               income               ||  $1950 [  98% of  $2000]   $2100 [ 105% of  $2000]
              ----------------------++----------------------------------------------------
                                    ||      0 [              0]       0 [              0]

       Note this is different from a normal balance report in several ways:

       o Only accounts with budget goals during the report period  are  shown,
         by default.

       o In  each column, in square brackets after the actual amount, budgeted
         amounts are shown, along with the percentage of budget used.

       o All parent accounts are always shown, even in flat mode.  Eg  assets,
         assets:bank, and expenses above.

       o Amounts  always include all subaccounts, budgeted or unbudgeted, even
         in flat mode.

       This means that the numbers displayed will not always add up! Eg above,
       the  expenses  actual  amount  includes the gifts and supplies transac-
       tions, but the expenses:gifts and expenses:supplies  accounts  are  not
       shown, as they have no budget amounts declared.

       This  can  be confusing.  When you need to make things clearer, use the
       -E/--empty flag, which will reveal all  accounts  including  unbudgeted
       ones, giving the full picture.  Eg:

              $ hledger balance -M --budget --empty
              Budget performance in 2017/11/01-2017/12/31:

                                    ||                      Nov                       Dec
              ======================++====================================================
               assets               || $-2445 [  99% of $-2480]  $-2665 [ 107% of $-2480]
               assets:bank          || $-2445 [  99% of $-2480]  $-2665 [ 107% of $-2480]
               assets:bank:checking || $-2445 [  99% of $-2480]  $-2665 [ 107% of $-2480]
               expenses             ||   $495 [ 103% of   $480]    $565 [ 118% of   $480]
               expenses:bus         ||    $49 [  98% of    $50]     $53 [ 106% of    $50]
               expenses:food        ||   $396 [  99% of   $400]    $412 [ 103% of   $400]
               expenses:gifts       ||      0                      $100
               expenses:movies      ||    $30 [ 100% of    $30]       0 [   0% of    $30]
               expenses:supplies    ||    $20                         0
               income               ||  $1950 [  98% of  $2000]   $2100 [ 105% of  $2000]
              ----------------------++----------------------------------------------------
                                    ||      0 [              0]       0 [              0]

       You can roll over unspent budgets to next period with --cumulative:

              $ hledger balance -M --budget --cumulative
              Budget performance in 2017/11/01-2017/12/31:

                                    ||                      Nov                       Dec
              ======================++====================================================
               assets               || $-2445 [  99% of $-2480]  $-5110 [ 103% of $-4960]
               assets:bank          || $-2445 [  99% of $-2480]  $-5110 [ 103% of $-4960]
               assets:bank:checking || $-2445 [  99% of $-2480]  $-5110 [ 103% of $-4960]
               expenses             ||   $495 [ 103% of   $480]   $1060 [ 110% of   $960]
               expenses:bus         ||    $49 [  98% of    $50]    $102 [ 102% of   $100]
               expenses:food        ||   $396 [  99% of   $400]    $808 [ 101% of   $800]
               expenses:movies      ||    $30 [ 100% of    $30]     $30 [  50% of    $60]
               income               ||  $1950 [  98% of  $2000]   $4050 [ 101% of  $4000]
              ----------------------++----------------------------------------------------
                                    ||      0 [              0]       0 [              0]

       For more examples, see Budgeting and Forecasting.

   Nested budgets
       You  can  add budgets to any account in your account hierarchy.  If you
       have budgets on both parent account and some of its children, then bud-
       get(s)  of  the  child account(s) would be added to the budget of their
       parent, much like account balances behave.

       In the most simple case this means that once you add a  budget  to  any
       account, all its parents would have budget as well.

       To illustrate this, consider the following budget:

              ~ monthly from 2019/01
                  expenses:personal             $1,000.00
                  expenses:personal:electronics    $100.00
                  liabilities

       With  this,  monthly  budget  for electronics is defined to be $100 and
       budget for personal expenses is an additional  $1000,  which  implicity
       means that budget for both expenses:personal and expenses is $1100.

       Transactions  in  expenses:personal:electronics  will  be  counted both
       towards its $100 budget and $1100 of expenses:personal ,  and  transac-
       tions  in  any  other  subaccount of expenses:personal would be counted
       towards only towards the budget of expenses:personal.

       For example, let's consider these transactions:

              ~ monthly from 2019/01
                  expenses:personal             $1,000.00
                  expenses:personal:electronics    $100.00
                  liabilities

              2019/01/01 Google home hub
                  expenses:personal:electronics          $90.00
                  liabilities                           $-90.00

              2019/01/02 Phone screen protector
                  expenses:personal:electronics:upgrades          $10.00
                  liabilities

              2019/01/02 Weekly train ticket
                  expenses:personal:train tickets       $153.00
                  liabilities

              2019/01/03 Flowers
                  expenses:personal          $30.00
                  liabilities

       As you can see, we  have  transactions  in  expenses:personal:electron-
       ics:upgrades  and  expenses:personal:train  tickets,  and since both of
       these accounts are without explicitly defined  budget,  these  transac-
       tions would be counted towards budgets of expenses:personal:electronics
       and expenses:personal accordingly:

              $ hledger balance --budget -M
              Budget performance in 2019/01:

                                             ||                           Jan
              ===============================++===============================
               expenses                      ||  $283.00 [  26% of  $1100.00]
               expenses:personal             ||  $283.00 [  26% of  $1100.00]
               expenses:personal:electronics ||  $100.00 [ 100% of   $100.00]
               liabilities                   || $-283.00 [  26% of $-1100.00]
              -------------------------------++-------------------------------
                                             ||        0 [                 0]

       And with --empty, we can get a better picture of budget allocation  and
       consumption:

              $ hledger balance --budget -M --empty
              Budget performance in 2019/01:

                                                      ||                           Jan
              ========================================++===============================
               expenses                               ||  $283.00 [  26% of  $1100.00]
               expenses:personal                      ||  $283.00 [  26% of  $1100.00]
               expenses:personal:electronics          ||  $100.00 [ 100% of   $100.00]
               expenses:personal:electronics:upgrades ||   $10.00
               expenses:personal:train tickets        ||  $153.00
               liabilities                            || $-283.00 [  26% of $-1100.00]
              ----------------------------------------++-------------------------------
                                                      ||        0 [                 0]

   Output format
       The  balance  command  supports  output  destination  and output format
       selection.

   balancesheet
       balancesheet, bs
       This command displays a simple balance sheet, showing historical ending
       balances  of  asset  and  liability accounts (ignoring any report begin
       date).  It assumes that these accounts are under a top-level  asset  or
       liability account (case insensitive, plural forms also allowed).

       Note  this  report shows all account balances with normal positive sign
       (like conventional financial statements, unlike balance/print/register)
       (experimental).

       Example:

              $ hledger balancesheet
              Balance Sheet

              Assets:
                               $-1  assets
                                $1    bank:saving
                               $-2    cash
              --------------------
                               $-1

              Liabilities:
                                $1  liabilities:debts
              --------------------
                                $1

              Total:
              --------------------
                                 0

       With a reporting interval, multiple columns will be shown, one for each
       report period.  As with multicolumn balance reports, you can alter  the
       report  mode  with  --change/--cumulative/--historical.   Normally bal-
       ancesheet shows historical ending balances, which is what you need  for
       a  balance  sheet;  note  this means it ignores report begin dates (and
       -T/--row-total, since summing end  balances  generally  does  not  make
       sense).

       This  command also supports output destination and output format selec-
       tion.

   balancesheetequity
       balancesheetequity, bse
       Just like balancesheet, but also reports Equity (which  it  assumes  is
       under a top-level equity account).

       Example:

              $ hledger balancesheetequity
              Balance Sheet With Equity

              Assets:
                               $-2  assets
                                $1    bank:saving
                               $-3    cash
              --------------------
                               $-2

              Liabilities:
                                $1  liabilities:debts
              --------------------
                                $1

              Equity:
                        $1  equity:owner
              --------------------
                        $1

              Total:
              --------------------
                                 0

   cashflow
       cashflow, cf
       This  command  displays a simple cashflow statement, showing changes in
       "cash" accounts.  It assumes that these accounts are under a  top-level
       asset  account (case insensitive, plural forms also allowed) and do not
       contain receivable or A/R in their name.  Note this  report  shows  all
       account balances with normal positive sign (like conventional financial
       statements, unlike balance/print/register) (experimental).

       Example:

              $ hledger cashflow
              Cashflow Statement

              Cash flows:
                               $-1  assets
                                $1    bank:saving
                               $-2    cash
              --------------------
                               $-1

              Total:
              --------------------
                               $-1

       With a reporting interval, multiple columns will be shown, one for each
       report  period.   Normally cashflow shows changes in assets per period,
       though as with multicolumn balance reports you  can  alter  the  report
       mode with --change/--cumulative/--historical.

       This  command also supports output destination and output format selec-
       tion.

   check-dates
       check-dates
       Check that transactions are sorted by increasing date.   With  --date2,
       checks  secondary  dates  instead.   With  --strict, dates must also be
       unique.  With a query, only matched transactions'  dates  are  checked.
       Reads the default journal file, or another specified with -f.

   check-dupes
       check-dupes
       Reports  account names having the same leaf but different prefixes.  In
       other words, two or  more  leaves  that  are  categorized  differently.
       Reads the default journal file, or another specified as an argument.

       An example: http://stefanorodighiero.net/software/hledger-dupes.html

   close
       close, equity
       Prints  a  "closing  balances"  transaction  and  an "opening balances"
       transaction that bring account balances to and from zero, respectively.
       Useful for bringing asset/liability balances forward into a new journal
       file, or for closing out revenues/expenses to retained earnings at  the
       end of a period.

       The  closing  transaction  transfers  balances  to "equity:closing bal-
       ances".  The opening transaction transfers balances from  "equity:open-
       ing balances".  You can choose to print just one of the transactions by
       using the --opening or --closing flag.

       If you split your journal files by time (eg yearly), you will typically
       run  this command at the end of the year, and save the closing transac-
       tion as last entry of the old file, and the opening transaction as  the
       first  entry  of the new file.  This makes the files self contained, so
       that correct balances are reported no matter which of them are  loaded.
       Ie,  if you load just one file, the balances are initialised correctly;
       or if you load several files, the  redundant  closing/opening  transac-
       tions  cancel  each other out.  (They will show up in print or register
       reports; you can  exclude  them  with  a  query  like  not:desc:'(open-
       ing|closing) balances'.)

       If you're running a business, you might also use this command to "close
       the books" at the end of  an  accounting  period,  transferring  income
       statement  account  balances  to  retained  earnings.  (You may want to
       change the equity account name to something like "equity:retained earn-
       ings".)

       By  default,  the  closing transaction is dated yesterday, the balances
       are calculated as of end of yesterday, and the opening  transaction  is
       dated  today.  To close on some other date, use: hledger close -e OPEN-
       INGDATE.  Eg, to close/open on the 2018/2019  boundary,  use  -e  2019.
       You can also use -p or date:PERIOD (any starting date is ignored).

       Both   transactions   will   include   balance   assertions   for   the
       closed/reopened accounts.  You probably shouldn't use status  or  real-
       ness  filters (like -C or -R or status:) with this command, or the gen-
       erated balance assertions will depend on these flags.  Likewise, if you
       run  this  command  with  --auto,  the balance assertions will probably
       always require --auto.

       Examples:

       Carrying asset/liability balances into a new file for  2019,  all  from
       command line:

       Warning:  we  use  >> here to append; be careful not to type a single >
       which would wipe your journal!

              $ hledger close -f 2018.journal -e 2019 assets liabilities --opening >>2019.journal
              $ hledger close -f 2018.journal -e 2019 assets liabilities --closing >>2018.journal

       Now:

              $ hledger bs -f 2019.journal                   # one file - balances are correct
              $ hledger bs -f 2018.journal -f 2019.journal   # two files - balances still correct
              $ hledger bs -f 2018.journal not:desc:closing  # to see year-end balances, must exclude closing txn

       Transactions spanning the closing date can complicate matters, breaking
       balance assertions:

              2018/12/30 a purchase made in 2018, clearing the following year
                  expenses:food          5
                  assets:bank:checking  -5  ; [2019/1/2]

       Here's one way to resolve that:

              ; in 2018.journal:
              2018/12/30 a purchase made in 2018, clearing the following year
                  expenses:food          5
                  liabilities:pending

              ; in 2019.journal:
              2019/1/2 clearance of last year's pending transactions
                  liabilities:pending    5 = 0
                  assets:checking

   files
       files
       List  all  files  included in the journal.  With a REGEX argument, only
       file names matching the regular expression (case sensitive) are  shown.

   help
       help
       Show any of the hledger manuals.

       The  help  command  displays any of the main hledger manuals, in one of
       several ways.  Run it with no argument to list the manuals, or  provide
       a full or partial manual name to select one.

       hledger  manuals  are  available in several formats.  hledger help will
       use the first of these  display  methods  that  it  finds:  info,  man,
       $PAGER,  less,  stdout (or when non-interactive, just stdout).  You can
       force a particular viewer with the --info, --man, --pager, --cat flags.

       Examples:

              $ hledger help
              Please choose a manual by typing "hledger help MANUAL" (a substring is ok).
              Manuals: hledger hledger-ui hledger-web hledger-api journal csv timeclock timedot

              $ hledger help h --man

              hledger(1)                    hledger User Manuals                    hledger(1)

              NAME
                     hledger - a command-line accounting tool

              SYNOPSIS
                     hledger [-f FILE] COMMAND [OPTIONS] [ARGS]
                     hledger [-f FILE] ADDONCMD -- [OPTIONS] [ARGS]
                     hledger

              DESCRIPTION
                     hledger  is  a  cross-platform  program  for tracking money, time, or any
              ...

   import
       import
       Read  new  transactions added to each FILE since last run, and add them
       to the main journal file.  Or with --dry-run, just print  the  transac-
       tions that would be added.

       The input files are specified as arguments - no need to write -f before
       each one.  So eg to add new transactions from all CSV files to the main
       journal, it's just: hledger import *.csv

       New transactions are detected in the same way as print --new: by assum-
       ing transactions are always added to the input files in increasing date
       order, and by saving .latest.FILE state files.

       The  --dry-run output is in journal format, so you can filter it, eg to
       see only uncategorised transactions:

              $ hledger import --dry ... | hledger -f- print unknown --ignore-assertions

   Importing balance assignments
       Entries added by import will have their posting amounts  made  explicit
       (like  hledger  print  -x).  This means that any balance assignments in
       imported files must be evaluated; but, imported files don't get to  see
       the  main file's account balances.  As a result, importing entries with
       balance assignments (eg from an institution that provides only balances
       and  not  posting  amounts)  will  probably  generate incorrect posting
       amounts.  To avoid this problem, use print instead of import:

              $ hledger print IMPORTFILE [--new] >> $LEDGER_FILE

       (If you think import should leave amounts  implicit  like  print  does,
       please test it and send a pull request.)

   incomestatement
       incomestatement, is
       This  command  displays a simple income statement, showing revenues and
       expenses during a period.  It assumes that these accounts are  under  a
       top-level  revenue or income or expense account (case insensitive, plu-
       ral forms also allowed).  Note this report shows all  account  balances
       with  normal  positive  sign  (like  conventional financial statements,
       unlike balance/print/register) (experimental).

       This command displays a simple income statement.  It currently  assumes
       that  you have top-level accounts named income (or revenue) and expense
       (plural forms also allowed.)

              $ hledger incomestatement
              Income Statement

              Revenues:
                               $-2  income
                               $-1    gifts
                               $-1    salary
              --------------------
                               $-2

              Expenses:
                                $2  expenses
                                $1    food
                                $1    supplies
              --------------------
                                $2

              Total:
              --------------------
                                 0

       With a reporting interval, multiple columns will be shown, one for each
       report  period.   Normally  incomestatement shows revenues/expenses per
       period, though as with multicolumn balance reports you  can  alter  the
       report mode with --change/--cumulative/--historical.

       This  command also supports output destination and output format selec-
       tion.

   prices
       prices
       Print market price directives from the  journal.   With  --costs,  also
       print  synthetic  market  prices  based  on  transaction  prices.  With
       --inverted-costs,  also  print  inverse  prices  based  on  transaction
       prices.   Prices  (and  postings providing prices) can be filtered by a
       query.

   print
       print, txns, p
       Show transaction journal entries, sorted by date.

       The print command displays full journal entries (transactions) from the
       journal  file  in date order, tidily formatted.  With --date2, transac-
       tions are sorted by secondary date instead.

       print's output is always a valid hledger journal.
       It preserves all transaction information,  but  it  does  not  preserve
       directives or inter-transaction comments

              $ hledger print
              2008/01/01 income
                  assets:bank:checking            $1
                  income:salary                  $-1

              2008/06/01 gift
                  assets:bank:checking            $1
                  income:gifts                   $-1

              2008/06/02 save
                  assets:bank:saving              $1
                  assets:bank:checking           $-1

              2008/06/03 * eat & shop
                  expenses:food                $1
                  expenses:supplies            $1
                  assets:cash                 $-2

              2008/12/31 * pay off
                  liabilities:debts               $1
                  assets:bank:checking           $-1

       Normally, the journal entry's explicit or implicit amount style is pre-
       served.  Ie when an amount is omitted in the journal, it will be  omit-
       ted  in  the  output.   You  can use the -x/--explicit flag to make all
       amounts explicit, which can be useful for troubleshooting or for making
       your journal more readable and robust against data entry errors.  Note,
       -x will cause postings with a multi-commodity amount (these  can  arise
       when  a  multi-commodity  transaction  has  an implicit amount) will be
       split into multiple single-commodity postings, for valid  journal  out-
       put.

       With  -B/--cost,  amounts with transaction prices are converted to cost
       using that price.  This can be used for troubleshooting.

       With -m/--match and a STR argument, print will show at most one  trans-
       action:  the  one  one whose description is most similar to STR, and is
       most recent.  STR should contain at least two characters.  If there  is
       no similar-enough match, no transaction will be shown.

       With --new, for each FILE being read, hledger reads (and writes) a spe-
       cial state file (.latest.FILE in the same  directory),  containing  the
       latest  transaction  date(s)  that  were  seen last time FILE was read.
       When this file is found, only transactions with newer  dates  (and  new
       transactions  on  the  latest  date)  are  printed.  This is useful for
       ignoring already-seen entries in import data, such  as  downloaded  CSV
       files.  Eg:

              $ hledger -f bank1.csv print --new
              # shows transactions added since last print --new on this file

       This  assumes  that  transactions  added  to  FILE  always have same or
       increasing dates, and that transactions on the  same  day  do  not  get
       reordered.  See also the import command.

       This  command also supports output destination and output format selec-
       tion.  Here's an example of print's CSV output:

              $ hledger print -Ocsv
              "txnidx","date","date2","status","code","description","comment","account","amount","commodity","credit","debit","posting-status","posting-comment"
              "1","2008/01/01","","","","income","","assets:bank:checking","1","$","","1","",""
              "1","2008/01/01","","","","income","","income:salary","-1","$","1","","",""
              "2","2008/06/01","","","","gift","","assets:bank:checking","1","$","","1","",""
              "2","2008/06/01","","","","gift","","income:gifts","-1","$","1","","",""
              "3","2008/06/02","","","","save","","assets:bank:saving","1","$","","1","",""
              "3","2008/06/02","","","","save","","assets:bank:checking","-1","$","1","","",""
              "4","2008/06/03","","*","","eat & shop","","expenses:food","1","$","","1","",""
              "4","2008/06/03","","*","","eat & shop","","expenses:supplies","1","$","","1","",""
              "4","2008/06/03","","*","","eat & shop","","assets:cash","-2","$","2","","",""
              "5","2008/12/31","","*","","pay off","","liabilities:debts","1","$","","1","",""
              "5","2008/12/31","","*","","pay off","","assets:bank:checking","-1","$","1","","",""

       o There is one CSV record per posting, with  the  parent  transaction's
         fields repeated.

       o The "txnidx" (transaction index) field shows which postings belong to
         the same transaction.  (This number might change if transactions  are
         reordered  within  the file, files are parsed/included in a different
         order, etc.)

       o The amount is separated into "commodity" (the  symbol)  and  "amount"
         (numeric quantity) fields.

       o The numeric amount is repeated in either the "credit" or "debit" col-
         umn, for convenience.  (Those names are not accurate in the  account-
         ing  sense;  it  just  puts negative amounts under credit and zero or
         greater amounts under debit.)

   print-unique
       print-unique
       Print transactions which do not reuse an already-seen description.

       Example:

              $ cat unique.journal
              1/1 test
               (acct:one)  1
              2/2 test
               (acct:two)  2
              $ LEDGER_FILE=unique.journal hledger print-unique
              (-f option not supported)
              2015/01/01 test
                  (acct:one)             1

   register
       register, reg, r
       Show postings and their running total.

       The register command displays postings in date order, one per line, and
       their  running  total.  This is typically used with a query selecting a
       particular account, to see that account's activity:

              $ hledger register checking
              2008/01/01 income               assets:bank:checking            $1           $1
              2008/06/01 gift                 assets:bank:checking            $1           $2
              2008/06/02 save                 assets:bank:checking           $-1           $1
              2008/12/31 pay off              assets:bank:checking           $-1            0

       With --date2, it shows and sorts by secondary date instead.

       The --historical/-H flag adds the balance from  any  undisplayed  prior
       postings  to  the  running  total.  This is useful when you want to see
       only recent activity, with a historically accurate running balance:

              $ hledger register checking -b 2008/6 --historical
              2008/06/01 gift                 assets:bank:checking            $1           $2
              2008/06/02 save                 assets:bank:checking           $-1           $1
              2008/12/31 pay off              assets:bank:checking           $-1            0

       The --depth option limits the amount of sub-account detail displayed.

       The --average/-A flag shows the running average posting amount  instead
       of the running total (so, the final number displayed is the average for
       the whole report period).  This flag implies --empty (see  below).   It
       is  affected  by  --historical.   It  works  best when showing just one
       account and one commodity.

       The --related/-r flag shows the other postings in the  transactions  of
       the postings which would normally be shown.

       The  --invert flag negates all amounts.  For example, it can be used on
       an income account where amounts are normally displayed as negative num-
       bers.   It's  also  useful  to  show  postings  on the checking account
       together with the related account:

              $ hledger register --related --invert assets:checking

       With a reporting interval, register shows  summary  postings,  one  per
       interval, aggregating the postings to each account:

              $ hledger register --monthly income
              2008/01                 income:salary                          $-1          $-1
              2008/06                 income:gifts                           $-1          $-2

       Periods  with no activity, and summary postings with a zero amount, are
       not shown by default; use the --empty/-E flag to see them:

              $ hledger register --monthly income -E
              2008/01                 income:salary                          $-1          $-1
              2008/02                                                          0          $-1
              2008/03                                                          0          $-1
              2008/04                                                          0          $-1
              2008/05                                                          0          $-1
              2008/06                 income:gifts                           $-1          $-2
              2008/07                                                          0          $-2
              2008/08                                                          0          $-2
              2008/09                                                          0          $-2
              2008/10                                                          0          $-2
              2008/11                                                          0          $-2
              2008/12                                                          0          $-2

       Often, you'll want to see just one  line  per  interval.   The  --depth
       option helps with this, causing subaccounts to be aggregated:

              $ hledger register --monthly assets --depth 1h
              2008/01                 assets                                  $1           $1
              2008/06                 assets                                 $-1            0
              2008/12                 assets                                 $-1          $-1

       Note  when using report intervals, if you specify start/end dates these
       will be adjusted outward if necessary to  contain  a  whole  number  of
       intervals.   This  ensures  that  the first and last intervals are full
       length and comparable to the others in the report.

   Custom register output
       register uses the full terminal width by default,  except  on  windows.
       You  can override this by setting the COLUMNS environment variable (not
       a bash shell variable) or by using the --width/-w option.

       The description and account columns normally share  the  space  equally
       (about  half  of  (width  - 40) each).  You can adjust this by adding a
       description width  as  part  of  --width's  argument,  comma-separated:
       --width W,D .  Here's a diagram (won't display correctly in --help):

              <--------------------------------- width (W) ---------------------------------->
              date (10)  description (D)       account (W-41-D)     amount (12)   balance (12)
              DDDDDDDDDD dddddddddddddddddddd  aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa  AAAAAAAAAAAA  AAAAAAAAAAAA

       and some examples:

              $ hledger reg                     # use terminal width (or 80 on windows)
              $ hledger reg -w 100              # use width 100
              $ COLUMNS=100 hledger reg         # set with one-time environment variable
              $ export COLUMNS=100; hledger reg # set till session end (or window resize)
              $ hledger reg -w 100,40           # set overall width 100, description width 40
              $ hledger reg -w $COLUMNS,40      # use terminal width, & description width 40

       This  command also supports output destination and output format selec-
       tion.

   register-match
       register-match
       Print the one posting whose transaction description is closest to DESC,
       in  the  style  of the register command.  If there are multiple equally
       good matches, it shows the most recent.  Query  options  (options,  not
       arguments)  can  be  used  to restrict the search space.  Helps ledger-
       autosync detect already-seen transactions when importing.

   rewrite
       rewrite
       Print all transactions, rewriting the postings of matched transactions.
       For  now  the only rewrite available is adding new postings, like print
       --auto.

       This is a start at a generic rewriter of transaction entries.  It reads
       the  default  journal and prints the transactions, like print, but adds
       one or more specified postings to any transactions matching QUERY.  The
       posting  amounts can be fixed, or a multiplier of the existing transac-
       tion's first posting amount.

       Examples:

              $ hledger-rewrite.hs ^income --add-posting '(liabilities:tax)  *.33  ; income tax' --add-posting '(reserve:gifts)  $100'
              $ hledger-rewrite.hs expenses:gifts --add-posting '(reserve:gifts)  *-1"'
              $ hledger-rewrite.hs -f rewrites.hledger

       rewrites.hledger may consist of entries like:

              = ^income amt:<0 date:2017
                (liabilities:tax)  *0.33  ; tax on income
                (reserve:grocery)  *0.25  ; reserve 25% for grocery
                (reserve:)  *0.25  ; reserve 25% for grocery

       Note the single quotes to protect the dollar sign from  bash,  and  the
       two spaces between account and amount.

       More:

              $ hledger rewrite -- [QUERY]        --add-posting "ACCT  AMTEXPR" ...
              $ hledger rewrite -- ^income        --add-posting '(liabilities:tax)  *.33'
              $ hledger rewrite -- expenses:gifts --add-posting '(budget:gifts)  *-1"'
              $ hledger rewrite -- ^income        --add-posting '(budget:foreign currency)  *0.25 JPY; diversify'

       Argument  for  --add-posting  option  is a usual posting of transaction
       with an exception for amount specification.  More  precisely,  you  can
       use '*' (star symbol) before the amount to indicate that that this is a
       factor for an amount  of  original  matched  posting.   If  the  amount
       includes  a  commodity  name, the new posting amount will be in the new
       commodity; otherwise, it will be in the matched posting  amount's  com-
       modity.

   Re-write rules in a file
       During  the  run  this  tool will execute so called "Automated Transac-
       tions" found in any journal it process.  I.e instead of specifying this
       operations in command line you can put them in a journal file.

              $ rewrite-rules.journal

       Make contents look like this:

              = ^income
                  (liabilities:tax)  *.33

              = expenses:gifts
                  budget:gifts  *-1
                  assets:budget  *1

       Note  that '=' (equality symbol) that is used instead of date in trans-
       actions you usually write.  It indicates the query by which you want to
       match the posting to add new ones.

              $ hledger rewrite -- -f input.journal -f rewrite-rules.journal > rewritten-tidy-output.journal

       This is something similar to the commands pipeline:

              $ hledger rewrite -- -f input.journal '^income' --add-posting '(liabilities:tax)  *.33' \
                | hledger rewrite -- -f - expenses:gifts      --add-posting 'budget:gifts  *-1'       \
                                                              --add-posting 'assets:budget  *1'       \
                > rewritten-tidy-output.journal

       It  is  important  to understand that relative order of such entries in
       journal is important.  You can re-use result of previously added  post-
       ings.

   Diff output format
       To  use  this tool for batch modification of your journal files you may
       find useful output in form of unified diff.

              $ hledger rewrite -- --diff -f examples/sample.journal '^income' --add-posting '(liabilities:tax)  *.33'

       Output might look like:

              --- /tmp/examples/sample.journal
              +++ /tmp/examples/sample.journal
              @@ -18,3 +18,4 @@
               2008/01/01 income
              -    assets:bank:checking  $1
              +    assets:bank:checking            $1
                   income:salary
              +    (liabilities:tax)                0
              @@ -22,3 +23,4 @@
               2008/06/01 gift
              -    assets:bank:checking  $1
              +    assets:bank:checking            $1
                   income:gifts
              +    (liabilities:tax)                0

       If you'll pass this through patch tool you'll get transactions contain-
       ing the posting that matches your query be updated.  Note that multiple
       files might be update according to list of input  files  specified  via
       --file options and include directives inside of these files.

       Be  careful.  Whole transaction being re-formatted in a style of output
       from hledger print.

       See also:

       https://github.com/simonmichael/hledger/issues/99

   rewrite vs. print --auto
       This command predates print --auto, and currently does  much  the  same
       thing, but with these differences:

       o with  multiple files, rewrite lets rules in any file affect all other
         files.  print --auto uses standard directive  scoping;  rules  affect
         only child files.

       o rewrite's  query  limits which transactions can be rewritten; all are
         printed.  print --auto's query limits which transactions are printed.

       o rewrite  applies  rules  specified on command line or in the journal.
         print --auto applies rules specified in the journal.

   roi
       roi
       Shows the time-weighted (TWR) and money-weighted (IRR) rate  of  return
       on your investments.

       This  command  assumes  that  you have account(s) that hold nothing but
       your investments and whenever you record current appraisal/valuation of
       these investments you offset unrealized profit and loss into account(s)
       that, again, hold nothing but unrealized profit and loss.

       Any transactions affecting balance of  investment  account(s)  and  not
       originating  from  unrealized profit and loss account(s) are assumed to
       be your investments or withdrawals.

       At a minimum, you need to supply  a  query  (which  could  be  just  an
       account  name) to select your investments with --inv, and another query
       to identify your profit and loss transactions with --pnl.

       It will compute and display the internalized rate of return  (IRR)  and
       time-weighted  rate  of  return (TWR) for your investments for the time
       period requested.  Both rates of return are annualized before  display,
       regardless of the length of reporting interval.

   stats
       stats
       Show some journal statistics.

       The  stats  command displays summary information for the whole journal,
       or a matched part of it.  With a reporting interval, it shows a  report
       for each report period.

       Example:

              $ hledger stats
              Main journal file        : /src/hledger/examples/sample.journal
              Included journal files   :
              Transactions span        : 2008-01-01 to 2009-01-01 (366 days)
              Last transaction         : 2008-12-31 (2333 days ago)
              Transactions             : 5 (0.0 per day)
              Transactions last 30 days: 0 (0.0 per day)
              Transactions last 7 days : 0 (0.0 per day)
              Payees/descriptions      : 5
              Accounts                 : 8 (depth 3)
              Commodities              : 1 ($)

       This  command also supports output destination and output format selec-
       tion.

   tags
       tags
       List all the tag names used in the journal.  With a TAGREGEX  argument,
       only  tag  names matching the regular expression (case insensitive) are
       shown.  With QUERY arguments, only transactions matching the query  are
       considered.

   test
       test
       Run built-in unit tests.

       This  command  runs the unit tests built in to hledger-lib and hledger,
       printing test names and results on stdout.  If any test fails, the exit
       code will be non-zero.

       Test  names include a group prefix.  If a (exact, case sensitive) group
       prefix, or a full test name is provided as  the  first  argument,  only
       that group or test is run.

       If  a  numeric  second argument is provided, it will set the randomness
       seed, for repeatable results from  tests  using  randomness  (currently
       none of them).

       This  is mainly used by developers, but it's nice to be able to sanity-
       check your installed hledger executable at any  time.   All  tests  are
       expected to pass - if you ever see otherwise, something has gone wrong,
       please report a bug!

ADD-ON COMMANDS
       hledger also searches for external add-on commands,  and  will  include
       these in the commands list.  These are programs or scripts in your PATH
       whose name starts with hledger- and ends with a recognised file  exten-
       sion (currently: no extension, bat,com,exe, hs,lhs,pl,py,rb,rkt,sh).

       Add-ons  can  be  invoked like any hledger command, but there are a few
       things to be aware of.  Eg if the hledger-web add-on is installed,

       o hledger -h web shows hledger's  help,  while  hledger  web  -h  shows
         hledger-web's help.

       o Flags  specific  to  the add-on must have a preceding -- to hide them
         from hledger.  So hledger web --serve --port 9000 will  be  rejected;
         you must use hledger web -- --serve --port 9000.

       o You can always run add-ons directly if preferred: hledger-web --serve
         --port 9000.

       Add-ons are a relatively easy way to add local features  or  experiment
       with  new  ideas.   They  can  be  written in any language, but haskell
       scripts have a big advantage:  they  can  use  the  same  hledger  (and
       haskell)  library functions that built-in commands do, for command-line
       options, journal parsing, reporting, etc.

       Here are some hledger add-ons available:

   Official add-ons
       These are maintained and released along with hledger.

   api
       hledger-api serves hledger data as a JSON web API.

   ui
       hledger-ui provides an efficient curses-style interface.

   web
       hledger-web provides a simple web interface.

   Third party add-ons
       These are maintained separately, and usually updated  shortly  after  a
       hledger release.

   diff
       hledger-diff shows differences in an account's transactions between one
       journal file and another.

   iadd
       hledger-iadd is a curses-style, more interactive  replacement  for  the
       add command.

   interest
       hledger-interest generates interest transactions for an account accord-
       ing to various schemes.

   irr
       hledger-irr calculates the internal rate of  return  of  an  investment
       account, but it's superseded now by the built-in roi command.

   Experimental add-ons
       These  are  available  in source form in the hledger repo's bin/ direc-
       tory; installing them is pretty easy.  They may be less mature and doc-
       umented  than  built-in commands.  Reading and tweaking these is a good
       way to start making your own!

   autosync
       hledger-autosync is a symbolic link for easily running ledger-autosync,
       if  installed.   ledger-autosync  does  deduplicating conversion of OFX
       data and some CSV formats, and can also download the data if your  bank
       offers OFX Direct Connect.

   chart
       hledger-chart.hs is an old pie chart generator, in need of some love.

   check
       hledger-check.hs checks more powerful account balance assertions.

ENVIRONMENT
       COLUMNS  The  screen  width used by the register command.  Default: the
       full terminal width.

       LEDGER_FILE The journal file path when not specified with -f.  Default:
       ~/.hledger.journal  (on  windows,  perhaps C:/Users/USER/.hledger.jour-
       nal).

FILES
       Reads data from one or more files in hledger journal, timeclock,  time-
       dot,   or   CSV   format   specified   with  -f,  or  $LEDGER_FILE,  or
       $HOME/.hledger.journal          (on          windows,           perhaps
       C:/Users/USER/.hledger.journal).

LIMITATIONS
       The  need  to  precede  addon command options with -- when invoked from
       hledger is awkward.

       When input data contains non-ascii characters, a suitable system locale
       must be configured (or there will be an unhelpful error).  Eg on POSIX,
       set LANG to something other than C.

       In a Microsoft Windows CMD window, non-ascii characters and colours are
       not supported.

       On Windows, non-ascii characters may not display correctly when running
       a hledger built in CMD in MSYS/CYGWIN, or vice-versa.

       In a Cygwin/MSYS/Mintty window, the tab key is not supported in hledger
       add.

       Not  all of Ledger's journal file syntax is supported.  See file format
       differences.

       On large data files, hledger  is  slower  and  uses  more  memory  than
       Ledger.

TROUBLESHOOTING
       Here  are  some  issues  you  might encounter when you run hledger (and
       remember you can also seek help from the IRC channel, mail list or  bug
       tracker):

       Successfully installed, but "No command 'hledger' found"
       stack and cabal install binaries into a special directory, which should
       be added to your PATH environment variable.  Eg on  unix-like  systems,
       that is ~/.local/bin and ~/.cabal/bin respectively.

       I set a custom LEDGER_FILE, but hledger is still using the default file
       LEDGER_FILE should be a real environment variable,  not  just  a  shell
       variable.   The command env | grep LEDGER_FILE should show it.  You may
       need to use export.  Here's an explanation.

       "Illegal byte sequence" or "Invalid or  incomplete  multibyte  or  wide
       character" errors
       In order to handle non-ascii letters and symbols (like ), hledger needs
       an appropriate locale.  This is usually configured system-wide; you can
       also configure it temporarily.  The locale may need to be one that sup-
       ports UTF-8, if you built hledger with GHC < 7.2 (or  possibly  always,
       I'm not sure yet).

       Here's  an  example  of  setting  the  locale  temporarily,  on  ubuntu
       gnu/linux:

              $ file my.journal
              my.journal: UTF-8 Unicode text                 # <- the file is UTF8-encoded
              $ locale -a
              C
              en_US.utf8                             # <- a UTF8-aware locale is available
              POSIX
              $ LANG=en_US.utf8 hledger -f my.journal print   # <- use it for this command

       Here's one way to set it permanently, there are probably better ways:

              $ echo "export LANG=en_US.UTF-8" >>~/.bash_profile
              $ bash --login

       If we preferred to use eg fr_FR.utf8, we might  have  to  install  that
       first:

              $ apt-get install language-pack-fr
              $ locale -a
              C
              en_US.utf8
              fr_BE.utf8
              fr_CA.utf8
              fr_CH.utf8
              fr_FR.utf8
              fr_LU.utf8
              POSIX
              $ LANG=fr_FR.utf8 hledger -f my.journal print

       Note some platforms allow variant locale spellings, but not all (ubuntu
       accepts fr_FR.UTF8, mac osx requires exactly fr_FR.UTF-8).



REPORTING BUGS
       Report bugs at http://bugs.hledger.org (or on the #hledger IRC  channel
       or hledger mail list)


AUTHORS
       Simon Michael <simon@joyful.com> and contributors


COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (C) 2007-2016 Simon Michael.
       Released under GNU GPL v3 or later.


SEE ALSO
       hledger(1),      hledger-ui(1),     hledger-web(1),     hledger-api(1),
       hledger_csv(5), hledger_journal(5), hledger_timeclock(5), hledger_time-
       dot(5), ledger(1)

       http://hledger.org



hledger 1.14.99                   March 2019                        hledger(1)
