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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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.\"t
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.\"t
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.TH "HLEDGER" "1" "March 2024" "hledger-1.32.99 " "hledger User Manuals"
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.TH "HLEDGER" "1" "April 2024" "hledger-1.33.99 " "hledger User Manuals"
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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ hledger is inspired by and largely compatible with ledger(1), and
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largely interconvertible with beancount(1).
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largely interconvertible with beancount(1).
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.PP
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.PP
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This manual is for hledger\[aq]s command line interface, version
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This manual is for hledger\[aq]s command line interface, version
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1.32.99.
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1.33.99.
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It also describes the common options, file formats and concepts used by
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It also describes the common options, file formats and concepts used by
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all hledger programs.
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all hledger programs.
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It might accidentally teach you some bookkeeping/accounting as well!
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It might accidentally teach you some bookkeeping/accounting as well!
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@ -123,6 +123,9 @@ For more about how to do that on your system, see Common tasks > Setting
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LEDGER_FILE.
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LEDGER_FILE.
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.SS Text encoding
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.SS Text encoding
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Data files containing non\-ascii characters must use UTF\-8 encoding.
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Data files containing non\-ascii characters must use UTF\-8 encoding.
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An optional byte order mark (BOM) is allowed, at the beginning of the
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file (only).
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.PP
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Also, your system should be configured with a locale that can decode
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Also, your system should be configured with a locale that can decode
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UTF\-8 text.
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UTF\-8 text.
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On some unix systems, you may need set the \f[CR]LANG\f[R] environment
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On some unix systems, you may need set the \f[CR]LANG\f[R] environment
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@ -1805,12 +1808,12 @@ each posting:
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.IP
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.IP
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.EX
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.EX
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2013/1/1
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2013/1/1
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a $1 =$1
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a $1 = $1
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b =$\-1
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b = $\-1
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2013/1/2
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2013/1/2
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a $1 =$2
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a $1 = $2
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b $\-1 =$\-2
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b $\-1 = $\-2
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.EE
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.EE
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.PP
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.PP
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After reading a journal file, hledger will check all balance assertions
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After reading a journal file, hledger will check all balance assertions
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@ -1823,20 +1826,17 @@ troubleshooting or for reading Ledger files.
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(Note: this flag currently does not disable balance assignments,
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(Note: this flag currently does not disable balance assignments,
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described below).
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described below).
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.SS Assertions and ordering
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.SS Assertions and ordering
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hledger sorts an account\[aq]s postings and assertions first by date and
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hledger calculates and checks an account\[aq]s balance assertions in
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then (for postings on the same day) by parse order.
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date order (and when there are multiple assertions on the same day, in
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Note this is different from Ledger, which sorts assertions only by parse
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parse order).
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order.
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Note this is different from Ledger, which checks assertions always in
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(Also, Ledger assertions do not see the accumulated effect of repeated
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parse order, ignoring dates.
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postings to the same account within a transaction.)
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.PP
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.PP
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So, hledger balance assertions keep working if you reorder
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This means in hledger you can freely reorder transactions, postings, or
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differently\-dated transactions within the journal.
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files, and balance assertions will usually keep working.
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But if you reorder same\-dated transactions or postings, assertions
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The exception is when you reorder multiple postings on the same day, to
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might break and require updating.
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the same account, which have balance assertions; those will likely need
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This order dependence does bring an advantage: precise control over the
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updating.
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order of postings and assertions within a day, so you can assert
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intra\-day balances.
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.SS Assertions and multiple included files
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.SS Assertions and multiple included files
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Multiple files included with the \f[CR]include\f[R] directive are
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Multiple files included with the \f[CR]include\f[R] directive are
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processed as if concatenated into one file, preserving their order and
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processed as if concatenated into one file, preserving their order and
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@ -1857,53 +1857,6 @@ disrupt valid assertions in later files.
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.PP
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.PP
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If you do want assertions to see balance from earlier files, use
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If you do want assertions to see balance from earlier files, use
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\f[CR]include\f[R], or concatenate the files temporarily.
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\f[CR]include\f[R], or concatenate the files temporarily.
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.SS Assertions and commodities
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The asserted balance must be a simple single\-commodity amount, and in
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fact the assertion checks only this commodity\[aq]s balance within the
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(possibly multi\-commodity) account balance.
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This is how assertions work in Ledger also.
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We could call this a \[dq]partial\[dq] balance assertion.
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.PP
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To assert the balance of more than one commodity in an account, you can
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write multiple postings, each asserting one commodity\[aq]s balance.
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.PP
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You can make a stronger \[dq]total\[dq] balance assertion by writing a
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double equals sign (\f[CR]== EXPECTEDBALANCE\f[R]).
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This asserts that there are no other commodities in the account besides
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the asserted one (or at least, that their balance is 0).
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.IP
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.EX
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2013/1/1
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a $1
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a 1€
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b $\-1
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c \-1€
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2013/1/2 ; These assertions succeed
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a 0 = $1
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a 0 = 1€
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b 0 == $\-1
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c 0 == \-1€
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2013/1/3 ; This assertion fails as \[aq]a\[aq] also contains 1€
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a 0 == $1
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.EE
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.PP
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It\[aq]s not yet possible to make a complete assertion about a balance
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that has multiple commodities.
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One workaround is to isolate each commodity into its own subaccount:
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.IP
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.EX
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2013/1/1
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a:usd $1
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a:euro 1€
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b
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2013/1/2
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a 0 == 0
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a:usd 0 == $1
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a:euro 0 == 1€
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.EE
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.SS Assertions and costs
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.SS Assertions and costs
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Balance assertions ignore costs, and should normally be written without
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Balance assertions ignore costs, and should normally be written without
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one:
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one:
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@ -1919,19 +1872,75 @@ passes or fails.
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This is for backward compatibility (hledger\[aq]s close command used to
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This is for backward compatibility (hledger\[aq]s close command used to
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generate balance assertions with costs), and because balance
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generate balance assertions with costs), and because balance
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\f[I]assignments\f[R] do use costs (see below).
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\f[I]assignments\f[R] do use costs (see below).
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.SS Assertions and commodities
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The balance assertions described so far are \[dq]\f[B]single commodity
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balance assertions\f[R]\[dq]: they assert and check the balance in one
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commodity, ignoring any others that may be present.
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This is how balance assertions work in Ledger also.
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.PP
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If an account contains multiple commodities, you can assert their
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balances by writing multiple postings with balance assertions, one for
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each commodity:
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.IP
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.EX
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2013/1/1
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usd $\-1
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eur €\-1
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both
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2013/1/2
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both 0 = $1
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both 0 = €1
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.EE
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.PP
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In hledger you can make a stronger \[dq]\f[B]sole commodity balance
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assertion\f[R]\[dq] by writing two equals signs
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(\f[CR]== EXPECTEDBALANCE\f[R]).
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This also asserts that there are no other commodities in the account
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besides the asserted one (or at least, that their current balance is
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zero):
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.IP
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.EX
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2013/1/1
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usd $\-1 == $\-1 ; these sole commodity assertions succeed
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eur €\-1 == €\-1
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both ;== $1 ; this one would fail because \[aq]both\[aq] contains $ and €
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.EE
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.PP
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It\[aq]s less easy to make a \[dq]\f[B]sole commodities balance
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assertion\f[R]\[dq] (note the plural) \- ie, asserting that an account
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contains two or more specified commodities and no others.
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It can be done by
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.IP "1." 3
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isolating each commodity in a subaccount, and asserting those
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.IP "2." 3
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and also asserting there are no commodities in the parent account
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itself:
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.IP
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.EX
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2013/1/1
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usd $\-1
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eur €\-1
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both 0 == 0 ; nothing up my sleeve
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both:usd $1 == $1 ; a dollar here
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both:eur €1 == €1 ; a euro there
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.EE
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.SS Assertions and subaccounts
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.SS Assertions and subaccounts
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The balance assertions above (\f[CR]=\f[R] and \f[CR]==\f[R]) do not
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All of the balance assertions above (both \f[CR]=\f[R] and
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count the balance from subaccounts; they check the account\[aq]s
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\f[CR]==\f[R]) are \[dq]\f[B]subaccount\-exclusive balance
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exclusive balance only.
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assertions\f[R]\[dq]; they ignore any balances that exist in deeper
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You can assert the balance including subaccounts by writing
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subaccounts.
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\f[CR]=*\f[R] or \f[CR]==*\f[R], eg:
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.PP
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In hledger you can make \[dq]\f[B]subaccount\-inclusive balance
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assertions\f[R]\[dq] by adding a star after the equals (\f[CR]=*\f[R] or
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\f[CR]==*\f[R]):
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.IP
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.IP
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.EX
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.EX
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2019/1/1
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2019/1/1
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equity:opening balances
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equity:start
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checking:a 5
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assets:checking $10
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checking:b 5
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assets:savings $10
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checking 1 ==* 11
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assets $0 ==* $20 ; assets + subaccounts contains $20 and nothing else
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.EE
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.EE
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.SS Assertions and virtual postings
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.SS Assertions and virtual postings
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Balance assertions always consider both real and virtual postings; they
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Balance assertions always consider both real and virtual postings; they
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@ -3362,7 +3371,7 @@ This directive sets a default commodity, to be used for any subsequent
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commodityless amounts (ie, plain numbers) seen while parsing the
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commodityless amounts (ie, plain numbers) seen while parsing the
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journal.
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journal.
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This effect lasts until the next \f[CR]D\f[R] directive, or the end of
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This effect lasts until the next \f[CR]D\f[R] directive, or the end of
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the journal.
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the current file.
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.PP
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.PP
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For compatibility/historical reasons, \f[CR]D\f[R] also acts like a
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For compatibility/historical reasons, \f[CR]D\f[R] also acts like a
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\f[CR]commodity\f[R] directive (setting the commodity\[aq]s decimal mark
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\f[CR]commodity\f[R] directive (setting the commodity\[aq]s decimal mark
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@ -3509,10 +3518,10 @@ Ledger allows a valuation function or value to be written in double
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parentheses after an amount.
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parentheses after an amount.
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hledger ignores these.
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hledger ignores these.
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.SS Virtual postings
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.SS Virtual postings
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A posting with parentheses around the account name
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A posting with parentheses around the account name, like
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(\f[CR](some:account)\f[R]) is called a \f[I]unbalanced virtual
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\f[CR](some:account) 10\f[R], is called an \f[I]unbalanced virtual
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posting\f[R].
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posting\f[R].
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Such postings do not participate in transaction balancing.
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These postings do not participate in transaction balancing.
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(And if you write them without an amount, a zero amount is always
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(And if you write them without an amount, a zero amount is always
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inferred.)
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inferred.)
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These can occasionally be convenient for special circumstances, but they
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These can occasionally be convenient for special circumstances, but they
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@ -6460,34 +6469,45 @@ match all the other terms.
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.PP
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.PP
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We also support more complex boolean queries with the \f[CR]expr:\f[R]
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We also support more complex boolean queries with the \f[CR]expr:\f[R]
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prefix.
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prefix.
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This allows one to combine queries using \f[CR]AND\f[R], \f[CR]OR\f[R],
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This allows one to combine query terms using \f[CR]and\f[R],
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and \f[CR]NOT\f[R].
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\f[CR]or\f[R], \f[CR]not\f[R] keywords (case insensitive), and to group
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(\f[CR]NOT\f[R] is equivalent to the \f[CR]not:\f[R] prefix.)
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them by enclosing in parentheses.
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.PP
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Some examples:
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Some examples:
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.IP \[bu] 2
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.IP \[bu] 2
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Match transactions with \[aq]cool\[aq] in the description AND with the
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Exclude account names containing \[aq]food\[aq]:
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\[aq]A\[aq] tag
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.RS 2
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.RS 2
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.PP
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.PP
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\f[CR]expr:\[dq]desc:cool AND tag:A\[dq]\f[R]
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\f[CR]expr:\[dq]not food\[dq]\f[R] (\f[CR]not:food\f[R] is equivalent)
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.RE
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.RE
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.IP \[bu] 2
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.IP \[bu] 2
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Match transactions NOT to the \[aq]expenses:food\[aq] account OR with
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Match things which have \[aq]cool\[aq] in the description and the
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the \[aq]A\[aq] tag
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\[aq]A\[aq] tag:
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.RS 2
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.RS 2
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.PP
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.PP
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\f[CR]expr:\[dq]NOT expenses:food OR tag:A\[dq]\f[R]
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\f[CR]expr:\[dq]desc:cool and tag:A\[dq]\f[R]
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(\f[CR]expr:\[dq]desc:cool tag:A\[dq]\f[R] is equivalent)
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.RE
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.RE
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.IP \[bu] 2
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.IP \[bu] 2
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Match transactions NOT involving the \[aq]expenses:food\[aq] account OR
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Match things which either do not reference the \[aq]expenses:food\[aq]
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with the \[aq]A\[aq] tag AND involving the \[aq]expenses:drink\[aq]
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account, or do have the \[aq]A\[aq] tag:
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account.
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(the AND is implicitly added by space\-separation, following the rules
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above)
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.RS 2
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.RS 2
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.PP
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.PP
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\f[CR]expr:\[dq]expenses:food OR (tag:A expenses:drink)\[dq]\f[R]
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\f[CR]expr:\[dq]not expenses:food or tag:A\[dq]\f[R]
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.RE
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.RE
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.IP \[bu] 2
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Match things which either do not reference the \[aq]expenses:food\[aq]
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account, or which reference the \[aq]expenses:drink\[aq] account and
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also have the \[aq]A\[aq] tag:
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.RS 2
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.PP
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\f[CR]expr:\[dq]expenses:food or (expenses:drink and tag:A)\[dq]\f[R]
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.RE
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.PP
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\f[CR]expr:\f[R] has a restriction: \f[CR]date:\f[R] queries may not be
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used inside \f[CR]or\f[R] expressions.
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That would allow disjoint report periods or disjoint result sets, with
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unclear semantics for our reports.
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.SS Queries and command options
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.SS Queries and command options
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Some queries can also be expressed as command\-line options:
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Some queries can also be expressed as command\-line options:
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\f[CR]depth:2\f[R] is equivalent to \f[CR]\-\-depth 2\f[R],
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\f[CR]depth:2\f[R] is equivalent to \f[CR]\-\-depth 2\f[R],
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@ -9226,23 +9246,24 @@ Example:
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.IP
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.IP
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.EX
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.EX
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$ hledger balancesheet
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$ hledger balancesheet
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Balance Sheet
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Balance Sheet 2008\-12\-31
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Assets:
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|| 2008\-12\-31
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$\-1 assets
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====================++============
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$1 bank:saving
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Assets ||
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$\-2 cash
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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assets:bank:saving || $1
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$\-1
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assets:cash || $\-2
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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Liabilities:
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|| $\-1
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$1 liabilities:debts
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====================++============
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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Liabilities ||
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$1
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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liabilities:debts || $\-1
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Total:
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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|| $\-1
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0
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====================++============
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Net: || 0
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.EE
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.EE
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.PP
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.PP
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This command is a higher\-level variant of the \f[CR]balance\f[R]
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This command is a higher\-level variant of the \f[CR]balance\f[R]
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@ -9275,28 +9296,29 @@ Example:
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.IP
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.IP
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.EX
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.EX
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$ hledger balancesheetequity
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$ hledger balancesheetequity
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Balance Sheet With Equity
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Balance Sheet With Equity 2008\-12\-31
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Assets:
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|| 2008\-12\-31
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$\-2 assets
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====================++============
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$1 bank:saving
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Assets ||
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$\-3 cash
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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assets:bank:saving || $1
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$\-2
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assets:cash || $\-2
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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Liabilities:
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|| $\-1
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$1 liabilities:debts
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====================++============
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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Liabilities ||
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$1
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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liabilities:debts || $\-1
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Equity:
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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$1 equity:owner
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|| $\-1
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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====================++============
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$1
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Equity ||
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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Total:
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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|| 0
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0
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====================++============
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Net: || 0
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.EE
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.EE
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.PP
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.PP
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This command is a higher\-level variant of the \f[CR]balance\f[R]
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This command is a higher\-level variant of the \f[CR]balance\f[R]
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@ -9307,14 +9329,19 @@ It is similar to
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smarter account detection, and liabilities/equity displayed with their
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smarter account detection, and liabilities/equity displayed with their
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sign flipped.
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sign flipped.
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.PP
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.PP
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This report is the easiest way to see if the accounting equation (A+L+E
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= 0) is satisfied (after you have done a \f[CR]close \-\-retain\f[R] to
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merge revenues and expenses with equity, and perhaps added
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\f[CR]\-\-infer\-equity\f[R] to balance your commodity conversions).
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.PP
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This command also supports the output destination and output format
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This command also supports the output destination and output format
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options The output formats supported are \f[CR]txt\f[R], \f[CR]csv\f[R],
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options The output formats supported are \f[CR]txt\f[R], \f[CR]csv\f[R],
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\f[CR]tsv\f[R], \f[CR]html\f[R], and \f[CR]json\f[R].
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\f[CR]tsv\f[R], \f[CR]html\f[R], and \f[CR]json\f[R].
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.SS cashflow
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.SS cashflow
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(cf)
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(cf)
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.PP
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.PP
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This command displays a cashflow statement, showing the inflows and
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This command displays a (simple) cashflow statement, showing the inflows
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outflows affecting \[dq]cash\[dq] (ie, liquid, easily convertible)
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and outflows affecting \[dq]cash\[dq] (ie, liquid, easily convertible)
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assets.
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assets.
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Amounts are shown with normal positive sign, as in conventional
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Amounts are shown with normal positive sign, as in conventional
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financial statements.
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financial statements.
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@ -9340,18 +9367,16 @@ An example cashflow report:
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.IP
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.IP
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.EX
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.EX
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$ hledger cashflow
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$ hledger cashflow
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Cashflow Statement
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Cashflow Statement 2008
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Cash flows:
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|| 2008
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$\-1 assets
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====================++======
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$1 bank:saving
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Cash flows ||
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$\-2 cash
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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assets:bank:saving || $1
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$\-1
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assets:cash || $\-2
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-
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Total:
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|| $\-1
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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$\-1
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.EE
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.EE
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.PP
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.PP
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This command is a higher\-level variant of the \f[CR]balance\f[R]
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This command is a higher\-level variant of the \f[CR]balance\f[R]
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@ -9866,18 +9891,18 @@ files to your main journal, you will run
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.PP
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.PP
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Note you can import from any file format, though CSV files are the most
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Note you can import from any file format, though CSV files are the most
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common import source, and these docs focus on that case.
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common import source, and these docs focus on that case.
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.SS Skipping
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.SS Deduplication
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\f[CR]import\f[R] tries to import only the transactions which are new
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\f[CR]import\f[R] tries to import only the transactions which are new
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since the last import, \[dq]skipping over\[dq] any that it saw last
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since the last import, ignoring any that it has seen in previous runs.
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time.
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So if your bank\[aq]s CSV includes the last three months of data, you
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So if your bank\[aq]s CSV includes the last three months of data, you
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can download and \f[CR]import\f[R] it every month (or week, or day) and
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can download and \f[CR]import\f[R] it every month (or week, or day) and
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only the new transactions will be imported each time.
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only the new transactions will be imported each time.
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.PP
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.PP
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It works as follows.
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It works as follows.
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For each imported \f[CR]FILE\f[R]:
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For each imported \f[CR]FILE\f[R] (usually CSV, but they could be any of
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hledger\[aq]s input formats):
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.IP \[bu] 2
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.IP \[bu] 2
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It tries to find the latest date seen previously, by reading it from a
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It tries to recall the latest date seen previously, reading it from a
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hidden \f[CR].latest.FILE\f[R] in the same directory.
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hidden \f[CR].latest.FILE\f[R] in the same directory.
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.IP \[bu] 2
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.IP \[bu] 2
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Then it processes \f[CR]FILE\f[R], ignoring any transactions on or
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Then it processes \f[CR]FILE\f[R], ignoring any transactions on or
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@ -9886,36 +9911,44 @@ before the \[dq]latest seen\[dq] date.
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And after a successful import, it updates the \f[CR].latest.FILE\f[R](s)
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And after a successful import, it updates the \f[CR].latest.FILE\f[R](s)
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for next time (unless \f[CR]\-\-dry\-run\f[R] was used).
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for next time (unless \f[CR]\-\-dry\-run\f[R] was used).
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.PP
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.PP
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This is simple system that works fairly well for transaction data
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This is a limited kind of deduplication, let\[aq]s call it \[dq]date
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(usually CSV, but it could be any of hledger\[aq]s input formats).
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skipping\[dq].
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It assumes:
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Within each input file, it avoids reprocessing the same dates across
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successive runs.
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This is a simple system that works for most real\-world CSV files; it
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assumes these are true, or true enough:
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.IP "1." 3
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.IP "1." 3
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new items always have the newest dates
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new items always have the newest dates
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.IP "2." 3
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.IP "2." 3
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item dates are stable across successive CSV downloads
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item dates are stable across successive downloads
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.IP "3." 3
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.IP "3." 3
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the order of same\-date items is stable across CSV downloads
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the order of same\-date items is stable across downloads
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.IP "4." 3
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the name of the input file is stable across downloads
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.PP
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.PP
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These are true of most CSV files representing transactions, or true
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If you have a bank whose CSV dates or ordering occasionally change, you
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enough.
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If you have a bank whose CSV dates or ordering occasionally changes, you
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can reduce the chance of this happening in new transactions by importing
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can reduce the chance of this happening in new transactions by importing
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more often (and in old transactions it doesn\[aq]t matter).
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more often, and in old transactions it doesn\[aq]t matter.
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And remember you can use CSV rules files as input, which is one way to
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ensure a stable file name.
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.PP
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.PP
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Note, \f[CR]import\f[R] avoids reprocessing the same dates across
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\f[CR]import\f[R] doesn\[aq]t detect other kinds of duplication, such as
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successive runs, but it does not detect transactions that are duplicated
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duplicate transactions within a single run.
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within a single run.
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(In part, because legitimate duplicate transactions can easily occur in
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I\[aq]ll call these \[dq]skipping\[dq] and \[dq]deduplication\[dq].
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real\-world data.)
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.PP
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So, say you downloaded but forgot to import \f[CR]bank.1.csv\f[R], and a
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So for example, say you downloaded but did not import
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week later you downloaded \f[CR]bank.2.csv\f[R] with overlapping data.
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\f[CR]bank.1.csv\f[R], and later downloaded \f[CR]bank.2.csv\f[R] with
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Now you should not import both of these at once
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overlapping data.
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(\f[CR]hledger import bank.1.csv bank.2.csv\f[R]); the overlapping
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Then you should not import both of them at once
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transactions which appear twice would not be deduplicated since this is
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(\f[CR]hledger import bank.1.csv bank.2.csv\f[R]), as the overlapping
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considered a single import.
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data would appear twice and not be deduplicated.
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Instead, import these files one at a time, and also use the same
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Instead, import them one at a time
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filename each time for a common \[dq]latest seen\[dq] state:
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(\f[CR]hledger import bank.1.csv; hledger import bank.2.csv\f[R]), and
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.IP
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the second import will skip the overlapping data.
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.EX
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$ mv bank.1.csv bank.csv; hledger import bank.csv
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$ mv bank.2.csv bank.csv; hledger import bank.csv
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.EE
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.PP
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.PP
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Normally you can ignore the \f[CR].latest.*\f[R] files, but if needed,
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Normally you can ignore the \f[CR].latest.*\f[R] files, but if needed,
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you can delete them (to make all transactions unseen), or
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you can delete them (to make all transactions unseen), or
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@ -9925,8 +9958,8 @@ possibly repeated on multiple lines.
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It means \[dq]I have seen transactions up to this date, and this many of
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It means \[dq]I have seen transactions up to this date, and this many of
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them occurring on that date\[dq].
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them occurring on that date\[dq].
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.PP
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.PP
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(\f[CR]hledger print \-\-new\f[R] also uses and updates these
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\f[CR]hledger print \-\-new\f[R] also uses and updates these
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\f[CR].latest.*\f[R] files, but it is less often used.)
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\f[CR].latest.*\f[R] files, but it is less often used.
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.PP
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.PP
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Related: CSV > Working with CSV > Deduplicating, importing.
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Related: CSV > Working with CSV > Deduplicating, importing.
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.SS Import testing
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.SS Import testing
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@ -9991,25 +10024,25 @@ Example:
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.IP
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.IP
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.EX
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.EX
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$ hledger incomestatement
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$ hledger incomestatement
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Income Statement
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Income Statement 2008
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Revenues:
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|| 2008
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$\-2 income
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===================++======
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$\-1 gifts
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Revenues ||
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$\-1 salary
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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income:gifts || $1
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$\-2
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income:salary || $1
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-
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Expenses:
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|| $2
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$2 expenses
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===================++======
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$1 food
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Expenses ||
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$1 supplies
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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expenses:food || $1
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$2
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expenses:supplies || $1
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-++\-\-\-\-\-\-
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Total:
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|| $2
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\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
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===================++======
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0
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Net: || 0
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.EE
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.EE
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.PP
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.PP
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This command is a higher\-level variant of the \f[CR]balance\f[R]
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This command is a higher\-level variant of the \f[CR]balance\f[R]
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Simon Michael