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Simon Michael 2021-01-10 15:37:32 -08:00
parent de5dfe2d1b
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@ -604,11 +604,18 @@ messages.
.PP
You can also force a specific reader/format by prefixing the file path
with the format and a colon.
Eg to read a .dat file as csv:
Eg, to read a .dat file as csv format:
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
$ hledger -f csv:/some/csv-file.dat stats
\f[R]
.fi
.PP
Or to read stdin (\f[C]-\f[R]) as timeclock format:
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
$ echo \[aq]i 2009/13/1 08:00:00\[aq] | hledger print -ftimeclock:-
\f[R]
.fi
@ -1277,7 +1284,13 @@ A \f[I]any chain of market prices\f[R]: a chain of any market prices,
including both forward and reverse prices (1 and 2 above), leading from
A to B.
.PP
Amounts for which no applicable market price can be found, are not
There is a limit to the length of these price chains; if hledger reaches
that length without finding a complete chain or exhausting all
possibilities, it will give up (with a \[dq]gave up\[dq] message visible
in \f[C]--debug=2\f[R] output).
That limit is currently 1000.
.PP
Amounts for which no suitable market price can be found, are not
converted.
.SS --infer-value: market prices from transactions
.PP
@ -1421,7 +1434,6 @@ Convert amounts to cost, using the prices recorded in transactions.
\f[B]\f[CB]--value=then\f[B]\f[R]
Convert amounts to their value in the default valuation commodity, using
market prices on each posting\[aq]s date.
This is currently supported only by the print and register commands.
.TP
\f[B]\f[CB]--value=end\f[B]\f[R]
Convert amounts to their value in the default valuation commodity, using
@ -1604,7 +1616,7 @@ Related: #329, #1083.
.PP
.TS
tab(@);
lw(10.6n) lw(13.2n) lw(13.4n) lw(11.0n) lw(13.4n) lw(8.2n).
lw(9.5n) lw(11.8n) lw(12.0n) lw(17.2n) lw(12.0n) lw(7.4n).
T{
Report type
T}@T{
@ -1675,7 +1687,7 @@ cost
T}@T{
value at day before report or journal start
T}@T{
not supported
valued at day each historical posting was made
T}@T{
value at day before report or journal start
T}@T{
@ -1742,7 +1754,7 @@ sums of costs
T}@T{
value at report end or today of sums of postings
T}@T{
not supported
value at posting date
T}@T{
value at report or journal end of sums of postings
T}@T{
@ -1755,7 +1767,7 @@ like balance changes
T}@T{
like balance changes
T}@T{
not supported
like balance changes
T}@T{
like balances
T}@T{
@ -1768,7 +1780,7 @@ sum of displayed values
T}@T{
sum of displayed values
T}@T{
not supported
sum of displayed valued
T}@T{
sum of displayed values
T}@T{
@ -1796,7 +1808,8 @@ sums of costs of postings before report start
T}@T{
value at report start of sums of all postings before report start
T}@T{
not supported
sums of values of postings before report start at respective posting
dates
T}@T{
value at report start of sums of all postings before report start
T}@T{
@ -1809,7 +1822,7 @@ sums of costs of postings in period
T}@T{
same as --value=end
T}@T{
not supported
sums of values of postings in period at respective posting dates
T}@T{
balance change in each period, valued at period ends
T}@T{
@ -1822,7 +1835,8 @@ sums of costs of postings from before report start to period end
T}@T{
same as --value=end
T}@T{
not supported
sums of values of postings from before period start to period end at
respective posting dates
T}@T{
period end balances, valued at period ends
T}@T{
@ -1835,7 +1849,7 @@ like balance changes/end balances
T}@T{
like balance changes/end balances
T}@T{
not supported
like balance changes/end balances
T}@T{
like balances
T}@T{
@ -1848,7 +1862,7 @@ sums, averages of displayed values
T}@T{
sums, averages of displayed values
T}@T{
not supported
sums, averages of displayed values
T}@T{
sums, averages of displayed values
T}@T{
@ -1861,7 +1875,7 @@ sums of displayed values
T}@T{
sums of displayed values
T}@T{
not supported
sums of displayed values
T}@T{
sums of displayed values
T}@T{
@ -1874,7 +1888,7 @@ sum, average of column totals
T}@T{
sum, average of column totals
T}@T{
not supported
sum, average of column totals
T}@T{
sum, average of column totals
T}@T{
@ -2449,10 +2463,39 @@ options The output formats supported are (in most modes): \f[C]txt\f[R],
\f[C]csv\f[R], \f[C]html\f[R], and \f[C]json\f[R].
.PP
The balance command can produce several styles of report:
.SS Classic balance report
.PP
This is the original balance report, as found in Ledger.
It usually looks like this:
.SS Single-period flat balance report
.PP
This is the default for hledger\[aq]s balance command: a flat list of
all (or with a query, matched) accounts, showing full account names.
Accounts are sorted by declaration order if any, and then by account
name.
Accounts which have zero balance are not shown unless
\f[C]-E/--empty\f[R] is used.
The reported balances\[aq] total is shown as the last line, unless
disabled by \f[C]-N\f[R]/\f[C]--no-total\f[R].
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
$ hledger bal
$1 assets:bank:saving
$-2 assets:cash
$1 expenses:food
$1 expenses:supplies
$-1 income:gifts
$-1 income:salary
$1 liabilities:debts
--------------------
0
\f[R]
.fi
.PP
.SS Single-period tree-mode balance report
.PP
With the \f[C]-t/--tree\f[R] flag, accounts are displayed
hierarchically, showing subaccounts as short names indented below their
parent.
(This is the default style in Ledger and in older hledger versions.)
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
@ -2472,38 +2515,30 @@ $ hledger balance
\f[R]
.fi
.PP
By default, accounts are displayed hierarchically, with subaccounts
indented below their parent, with accounts at each level of the tree
sorted by declaration order if declared, then by account name.
For more compact output, \[dq]boring\[dq] accounts containing a single
interesting subaccount and no balance of their own
(\f[C]assets:bank\f[R] and \f[C]liabilities\f[R] here) are elided into
the following line, unless \f[C]--no-elide\f[R] is used.
And accounts which have zero balance and no non-zero subaccounts are
omitted, unless \f[C]-E/--empty\f[R] is used.
.PP
\[dq]Boring\[dq] accounts, which contain a single interesting subaccount
and no balance of their own, are elided into the following line for more
compact output.
(Eg above, the \[dq]liabilities\[dq] account.) Use \f[C]--no-elide\f[R]
to prevent this.
Account balances in tree mode are \[dq]inclusive\[dq] - they include the
balances of any subaccounts.
Eg, the \f[C]assets\f[R] \f[C]$-1\f[R] balance here includes the
\f[C]$1\f[R] from \f[C]assets:bank:saving\f[R] and the \f[C]$-2\f[R]
from \f[C]assets:cash\f[R].
(And it would include balance posted to the \f[C]assets\f[R] account
itself, if there was any).
Note this causes some repetition, and the final total (\f[C]0\f[R]) is
the sum of the top-level balances, not of all the balances shown.
.PP
Account balances are \[dq]inclusive\[dq] - they include the balances of
any subaccounts.
Each group of sibling accounts is sorted separately, by declaration
order and then by account name.
.SS Customising single-period balance reports
.PP
Accounts which have zero balance (and no non-zero subaccounts) are
omitted.
Use \f[C]-E/--empty\f[R] to show them.
.PP
A final total is displayed by default; use \f[C]-N/--no-total\f[R] to
suppress it, eg:
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
$ hledger balance -p 2008/6 expenses --no-total
$2 expenses
$1 food
$1 supplies
\f[R]
.fi
.SS Customising the classic balance report
.PP
You can customise the layout of classic balance reports with
\f[C]--format FMT\f[R]:
You can customise the layout of single-period balance reports with
\f[C]--format FMT\f[R], which sets the format of each line.
Eg:
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
@ -2572,32 +2607,13 @@ rendered on one line
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[C]%20(total) %2(depth_spacer)%-(account)\f[R] - the default format
for the single-column balance report
.SS Colour support
.SS Depth limiting
.PP
In terminal output, when colour is enabled, the balance command shows
negative amounts in red.
.SS Flat mode
.PP
To see a flat list instead of the default hierarchical display, use
\f[C]--flat\f[R].
In this mode, accounts (unless depth-clipped) show their full names and
\[dq]exclusive\[dq] balance, excluding any subaccount balances.
In this mode, you can also use \f[C]--drop N\f[R] to omit the first few
account name components.
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
$ hledger balance -p 2008/6 expenses -N --flat --drop 1
$1 food
$1 supplies
\f[R]
.fi
.SS Depth limited balance reports
.PP
With \f[C]--depth N\f[R] or \f[C]depth:N\f[R] or just \f[C]-N\f[R],
balance reports show accounts only to the specified numeric depth.
This is very useful to summarise a complex set of accounts and get an
overview.
With a \f[C]depth:N\f[R] query, or \f[C]--depth N\f[R] option, or just
\f[C]-N\f[R], balance reports will show accounts only to the specified
depth.
This is very useful to hide low-level accounts and get an overview.
Eg, limiting to depth 1 shows the top-level accounts:
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
@ -2609,8 +2625,30 @@ $ hledger balance -N -1
\f[R]
.fi
.PP
Flat-mode balance reports, which normally show exclusive balances, show
inclusive balances at the depth limit.
Accounts at the depth limit will include the balances of any hidden
subaccounts (even in flat mode, which normally shows exclusive
balances).
.PP
You can also drop account name components from the start of account
names, using \f[C]--drop N\f[R].
This can be useful to hide unwanted top-level detail.
.SS Colour support
.PP
In terminal output, when colour is enabled, the balance command shows
negative amounts in red.
.SS Sorting by amount
.PP
With \f[C]-S\f[R]/\f[C]--sort-amount\f[R], accounts with the largest
(most positive) balances are shown first.
For example, \f[C]hledger bal expenses -MAS\f[R] shows your biggest
averaged monthly expenses first.
.PP
Revenues and liability balances are typically negative, however, so
\f[C]-S\f[R] shows these in reverse order.
To work around this, you can add \f[C]--invert\f[R] to flip the signs.
Or, use one of the sign-flipping reports like \f[C]balancesheet\f[R] or
\f[C]incomestatement\f[R], which also support \f[C]-S\f[R].
Eg: \f[C]hledger is -MAS\f[R].
.SS Percentages
.PP
With \f[C]-%\f[R] or \f[C]--percent\f[R], balance reports show each
@ -2646,34 +2684,25 @@ accounts.
If there are mixed commodity accounts in the report be sure to use
\f[C]-V\f[R] or \f[C]-B\f[R] to coerce the report into using a single
commodity.
.SS Sorting by amount
.PP
With \f[C]-S\f[R]/\f[C]--sort-amount\f[R], accounts with the largest
(most positive) balances are shown first.
For example, \f[C]hledger bal expenses -MAS\f[R] shows your biggest
averaged monthly expenses first.
.SS Multi-period balance report
.PP
Revenues and liability balances are typically negative, however, so
\f[C]-S\f[R] shows these in reverse order.
To work around this, you can add \f[C]--invert\f[R] to flip the signs.
Or, use one of the sign-flipping reports like \f[C]balancesheet\f[R] or
\f[C]incomestatement\f[R], which also support \f[C]-S\f[R].
Eg: \f[C]hledger is -MAS\f[R].
.SS Multicolumn balance report
Multi-period balance reports are a very useful hledger feature,
activated if you provide one of the reporting interval flags, such as
\f[C]-M\f[R]/\f[C]--monthly\f[R].
They are similar to single-period balance reports, but they show the
report as a table, with columns representing one or more successive time
periods.
This is the usually the preferred style of balance report in hledger
(even for a single period).
.PP
Multicolumn or tabular balance reports are a very useful hledger
feature, and usually the preferred style.
They share many of the above features, but they show the report as a
table, with columns representing time periods.
This mode is activated by providing a reporting interval.
.PP
There are three types of multicolumn balance report, showing different
Multi-period balance reports come in several types, showing different
information:
.IP "1." 3
By default: each column shows the sum of postings in that period, ie the
account\[aq]s change of balance in that period.
A balance change report: by default, each column shows the sum of
postings in that period, ie the account\[aq]s change of balance in that
period.
This is useful eg for a monthly income statement:
.RS 4
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
@ -2690,11 +2719,10 @@ Balance changes in 2008:
|| $-1 $1 0 0
\f[R]
.fi
.RE
.IP "2." 3
With \f[C]--cumulative\f[R]: each column shows the ending balance for
that period, accumulating the changes across periods, starting from 0 at
the report start date:
A cumulative end balance report: with \f[C]--cumulative\f[R], each
column shows the end balance for that period, accumulating the changes
across periods, starting from 0 at the report start date:
.RS 4
.IP
.nf
@ -2714,11 +2742,12 @@ Ending balances (cumulative) in 2008:
.fi
.RE
.IP "3." 3
With \f[C]--historical/-H\f[R]: each column shows the actual historical
ending balance for that period, accumulating the changes across periods,
starting from the actual balance at the report start date.
This is useful eg for a multi-period balance sheet, and when you are
showing only the data after a certain start date:
A historical end balance report: with \f[C]--historical/-H\f[R], each
column shows the actual historical end balance for that period,
accumulating the changes across periods, and including the balance from
any postings before the report start date.
This is useful eg for a multi-period balance sheet, and when you want to
see balances only after a certain date:
.RS 4
.IP
.nf
@ -2742,9 +2771,6 @@ Note that \f[C]--cumulative\f[R] or \f[C]--historical/-H\f[R] disable
\f[C]--row-total/-T\f[R], since summing end balances generally does not
make sense.
.PP
Multicolumn balance reports display accounts in flat mode by default; to
see the hierarchy, use \f[C]--tree\f[R].
.PP
With a reporting interval (like \f[C]--quarterly\f[R] above), the report
start/end dates will be adjusted if necessary so that they encompass the
displayed report periods.
@ -3263,27 +3289,29 @@ check
.P
.PD
Check for various kinds of errors in your data.
\f[I]experimental\f[R]
.PP
hledger provides a number of built-in error checks to help prevent
problems in your data.
Some of these are run automatically; or, you can use this
\f[C]check\f[R] command to run them on demand, with no output and a zero
exit code if all is well.
Specify their names (or a prefix) as argument(s).
.PP
Some examples:
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
hledger check # basic checks
hledger check -s # basic + strict checks
hledger check ordereddates uniqueleafnames # basic + specified checks
hledger check ordereddates payees # basic + two other checks
\f[R]
.fi
.PP
Here are the checks currently available:
.SS Basic checks
.PP
These are always run by this command and other commands:
These checks are always run automatically, by (almost) all hledger
commands, including \f[C]check\f[R]:
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]parseable\f[R] - data files are well-formed and can be successfully
parsed
@ -3298,8 +3326,10 @@ passing.
\f[C]-I\f[R]/\f[C]--ignore-assertions\f[R].)
.SS Strict checks
.PP
These are always run by this and other commands when
\f[C]-s\f[R]/\f[C]--strict\f[R] is used (strict mode):
These additional checks are run when the \f[C]-s\f[R]/\f[C]--strict\f[R]
(strict mode) flag is used.
Or, they can be run by giving their names as arguments to
\f[C]check\f[R]:
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]accounts\f[R] - all account names used by transactions have been
declared
@ -3307,18 +3337,21 @@ declared
\f[B]commodities\f[R] - all commodity symbols used have been declared
.SS Other checks
.PP
These checks can be run by specifying their names as arguments to the
check command:
These checks can be run only by giving their names as arguments to
\f[C]check\f[R].
They are more specialised and not desirable for everyone, therefore
optional:
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]ordereddates\f[R] - transactions are ordered by date (similar to
the old \f[C]check-dates\f[R] command)
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]payees\f[R] - all payees used by transactions have been declared
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]uniqueleafnames\f[R] - all account leaf names are unique (similar
to the old \f[C]check-dupes\f[R] command)
.SS Add-on checks
to the old \f[C]check-dupes\f[R] command).
.SS Custom checks
.PP
Some checks are not yet integrated with this command, but are available
as add-on commands in
A few more checks are are available as separate add-on commands, in
https://github.com/simonmichael/hledger/tree/master/bin:
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]hledger-check-tagfiles\f[R] - all tag values containing / (a
@ -3327,8 +3360,8 @@ forward slash) exist as file paths
\f[B]hledger-check-fancyassertions\f[R] - more complex balance
assertions are passing
.PP
You could make your own similar scripts to perform custom checks;
Cookbook -> Scripting may be helpful.
You could make similar scripts to perform your own custom checks.
See: Cookbook -> Scripting.
.SS close
.PP
close, equity
@ -5198,7 +5231,7 @@ Account names typically have several parts separated by a full colon,
from which hledger derives a hierarchical chart of accounts.
They can be anything you like, but in finance there are traditionally
five top-level accounts: \f[C]assets\f[R], \f[C]liabilities\f[R],
\f[C]income\f[R], \f[C]expenses\f[R], and \f[C]equity\f[R].
\f[C]revenue\f[R], \f[C]expenses\f[R], and \f[C]equity\f[R].
.PP
Account names may contain single spaces, eg:
\f[C]assets:accounts receivable\f[R].
@ -5808,6 +5841,15 @@ T}@T{
what the included directives affect
T}
T{
[\f[C]payee\f[R]]
T}@T{
T}@T{
T}@T{
declare a payee name
T}@T{
following entries until end of current file
T}
T{
\f[C]P\f[R]
T}@T{
T}@T{
@ -5952,6 +5994,19 @@ Y2010 ; change default year to 2010
assets
\f[R]
.fi
.SS Declaring payees
.PP
The \f[C]payee\f[R] directive can be used to declare a limited set of
payees which may appear in transaction descriptions.
The \[dq]payees\[dq] check will report an error if any transaction
refers to a payee that has not been declared.
Eg:
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
payee Whole Foods
\f[R]
.fi
.SS Declaring commodities
.PP
The \f[C]commodity\f[R] directive has several functions:
@ -7961,32 +8016,148 @@ https://hledger.org -> sidebar -> real world setups
https://plaintextaccounting.org -> data import/conversion
.SS Setting amounts
.PP
A posting amount can be set in one of these ways:
.IP \[bu] 2
by assigning (with a fields list or field assignment) to
\f[C]amountN\f[R] (posting N\[aq]s amount) or \f[C]amount\f[R] (posting
1\[aq]s amount)
.IP \[bu] 2
by assigning to \f[C]amountN-in\f[R] and \f[C]amountN-out\f[R] (or
\f[C]amount-in\f[R] and \f[C]amount-out\f[R]).
For each CSV record, whichever of these has a non-zero value will be
used, with appropriate sign.
If both contain a non-zero value, this may not work.
.IP \[bu] 2
by assigning to \f[C]balanceN\f[R] (or \f[C]balance\f[R]) instead of the
above, setting the amount indirectly via a balance assignment.
If you do this the default account name may be wrong, so you should set
that explicitly.
Some tips on using the amount-setting rules discussed above.
.PP
There is some special handling for an amount\[aq]s sign:
Here are the ways to set a posting\[aq]s amount:
.IP "1." 3
\f[B]If the CSV has a single amount field:\f[R]
.PD 0
.P
.PD
Assign (via a fields list or a field assignment) to \f[C]amountN\f[R].
This sets the Nth posting\[aq]s amount.
N is usually 1 or 2 but can go up to 99.
.IP "2." 3
\f[B]If the CSV has separate Debit and Credit amount fields:\f[R]
.PD 0
.P
.PD
Assign to \f[C]amountN-in\f[R] and \f[C]amountN-out\f[R].
This sets posting N\[aq]s amount to whichever of these has a non-zero
value, guessing an appropriate sign.
.RS 4
.IP \[bu] 2
If an amount value is parenthesised, it will be de-parenthesised and
sign-flipped.
\f[B]If hledger guesses the wrong sign:\f[R]
.PD 0
.P
.PD
Prepend a minus sign to flip it.
Eg:
.RS 2
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
fields date, description, amount-in, amount-out
amount-out -%amount-out
\f[R]
.fi
.RE
.IP \[bu] 2
If an amount value begins with a double minus sign, those cancel out and
are removed.
\f[B]If both fields contain a non-zero value:\f[R]
.PD 0
.P
.PD
The \f[C]amountN-in\f[R]/\f[C]amountN-out\f[R] rules require that each
CSV record has a non-zero value in exactly one of the two fields, so
that hledger knows which to choose.
So these would all be rejected:
.RS 2
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
\[dq]\[dq], \[dq]\[dq]
\[dq]0\[dq], \[dq]0\[dq]
\[dq]1\[dq], \[dq]none\[dq]
\f[R]
.fi
.PP
If your CSV has amount values like this, use conditional rules instead.
For example, to make hledger to choose the value containing non-zero
digits:
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
fields date, description, in, out
if %in [1-9]
amount1 %in
if %out [1-9]
amount1 %out
\f[R]
.fi
.RE
.RE
.IP "3." 3
\f[B]Using the old numberless syntax:\f[R]
.PD 0
.P
.PD
Assign to \f[C]amount\f[R] (or to \f[C]amount-in\f[R] and
\f[C]amount-out\f[R]).
This sets posting 1\[aq]s and posting 2\[aq]s amounts (and converts
posting 2\[aq]s amount to cost).
This is supported for backwards compatibility (and occasional
convenience).
.IP "4." 3
\f[B]If the CSV has the balance instead of the transaction amount:\f[R]
.PD 0
.P
.PD
Assign to \f[C]balanceN\f[R], which sets posting N\[aq]s amount
indirectly via a balance assignment.
(Old syntax: \f[C]balance\f[R], equivalent to \f[C]balance1\f[R].)
.RS 4
.IP \[bu] 2
If an amount value begins with a plus sign, that will be removed
\f[B]If hledger guesses the wrong default account name:\f[R]
.PD 0
.P
.PD
When setting the amount via balance assertion, hledger may guess the
wrong default account name.
So, set the account name explicitly, eg:
.RS 2
.IP
.nf
\f[C]
fields date, description, balance1
account1 assets:checking
\f[R]
.fi
.RE
.RE
.SS Amount signs
.PP
There is some special handling for amount signs, to simplify parsing and
sign-flipping:
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]If an amount value begins with a plus sign:\f[R]
.PD 0
.P
.PD
that will be removed: \f[C]+AMT\f[R] becomes \f[C]AMT\f[R]
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]If an amount value is parenthesised:\f[R]
.PD 0
.P
.PD
it will be de-parenthesised and sign-flipped: \f[C](AMT)\f[R] becomes
\f[C]-AMT\f[R]
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]If an amount value has two minus signs (or two sets of parentheses,
or a minus sign and parentheses):\f[R]
.PD 0
.P
.PD
they cancel out and will be removed: \f[C]--AMT\f[R] or \f[C]-(AMT)\f[R]
becomes \f[C]AMT\f[R]
.IP \[bu] 2
\f[B]If an amount value contains just a sign (or just a set of
parentheses):\f[R]
.PD 0
.P
.PD
that is removed, making it an empty value.
\f[C]\[dq]+\[dq]\f[R] or \f[C]\[dq]-\[dq]\f[R] or \f[C]\[dq]()\[dq]\f[R]
becomes \f[C]\[dq]\[dq]\f[R].
.SS Setting currency/commodity
.PP
If the currency/commodity symbol is included in the CSV\[aq]s amount

1434
hledger/hledger.info
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463
hledger/hledger.txt
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@ -453,9 +453,12 @@ DATA FILES
relevant error messages.
You can also force a specific reader/format by prefixing the file path
with the format and a colon. Eg to read a .dat file as csv:
with the format and a colon. Eg, to read a .dat file as csv format:
$ hledger -f csv:/some/csv-file.dat stats
Or to read stdin (-) as timeclock format:
$ echo 'i 2009/13/1 08:00:00' | hledger print -ftimeclock:-
Multiple files
@ -557,7 +560,6 @@ TIME PERIODS
Examples:
-b 2016/3/17 begin on St. Patrick's day 2016
-e 12/1 end at the start of december 1st of the current year
(11/30 will be the last date included)
-b thismonth all transactions on or after the 1st of the current month
@ -627,8 +629,6 @@ TIME PERIODS
-p "2009Q1" first quarter of 2009,
equivalent to "2009/1/1 to
2009/4/1"
-p "q4" fourth quarter of the cur-
rent year
@ -873,7 +873,12 @@ VALUATION
ing both forward and reverse prices (1 and 2 above), leading from A
to B.
Amounts for which no applicable market price can be found, are not con-
There is a limit to the length of these price chains; if hledger
reaches that length without finding a complete chain or exhausting all
possibilities, it will give up (with a "gave up" message visible in
--debug=2 output). That limit is currently 1000.
Amounts for which no suitable market price can be found, are not con-
verted.
--infer-value: market prices from transactions
@ -986,8 +991,7 @@ VALUATION
--value=then
Convert amounts to their value in the default valuation commod-
ity, using market prices on each posting's date. This is cur-
rently supported only by the print and register commands.
ity, using market prices on each posting's date.
--value=end
Convert amounts to their value in the default valuation commod-
@ -1124,88 +1128,105 @@ VALUATION
problems, please report them, ideally with a reproducible example. Re-
lated: #329, #1083.
Report type -B, -V, -X --value=then --value=end --value=DATE,
--value=cost --value=now
Report -B, -V, -X --value=then --value=end --value=DATE,
type --value=cost --value=now
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
print
posting cost value at re- value at value at re- value at
amounts port end or posting date port or jour- DATE/today
today nal end
balance as- unchanged unchanged unchanged unchanged unchanged
ser-
posting cost value at re- value at posting value at re- value at
amounts port end or date port or DATE/today
today journal end
balance unchanged unchanged unchanged unchanged unchanged
asser-
tions/as-
signments
register
starting cost value at day not sup- value at day value at
balance before report ported before report DATE/today
(-H) or journal or journal
starting cost value at day valued at day value at day value at
balance before re- each historical before re- DATE/today
(-H) port or posting was made port or
journal journal
start start
posting cost value at re- value at value at re- value at
amounts port end or posting date port or jour- DATE/today
today nal end
summary summarised value at pe- sum of post- value at pe- value at
posting cost riod ends ings in in- riod ends DATE/today
amounts terval, val-
with report ued at in-
interval terval start
running to- sum/average sum/average sum/average sum/average sum/average
tal/average of displayed of displayed of displayed of displayed of displayed
values values values values values
posting cost value at re- value at posting value at re- value at
amounts port end or date port or DATE/today
today journal end
summary summarised value at pe- sum of postings value at pe- value at
posting cost riod ends in interval, val- riod ends DATE/today
amounts ued at interval
with re- start
port in-
terval
running sum/average sum/average sum/average of sum/average sum/average
total/av- of displayed of displayed displayed values of displayed of displayed
erage values values values values
balance
(bs, bse,
cf, is)
balance sums of costs value at re- not sup- value at re- value at
changes port end or ported port or jour- DATE/today of
today of sums nal end of sums of post-
of postings sums of post- ings
ings
budget like balance like balance not sup- like balances like balance
amounts changes changes ported changes
(--budget)
grand total sum of dis- sum of dis- not sup- sum of dis- sum of dis-
played values played values ported played values played values
balance sums of value at re- value at posting value at re- value at
changes costs port end or date port or DATE/today of
today of journal end sums of post-
sums of of sums of ings
postings postings
budget like balance like balance like balance like bal- like balance
amounts changes changes changes ances changes
(--bud-
get)
grand to- sum of dis- sum of dis- sum of displayed sum of dis- sum of dis-
tal played val- played val- valued played val- played values
ues ues ues
balance
(bs, bse,
cf, is)
with report
interval
starting sums of costs value at re- not sup- value at re- sums of post-
balances of postings port start of ported port start of ings before
(-H) before report sums of all sums of all report start
start postings be- postings be-
fore report fore report
start start
balance sums of costs same as not sup- balance value at
changes of postings --value=end ported change in DATE/today of
(bal, is, in period each period, sums of post-
bs valued at pe- ings
--change, riod ends
with re-
port in-
terval
starting sums of value at re- sums of values of value at re- sums of post-
balances costs of port start postings before port start ings before
(-H) postings be- of sums of report start at of sums of report start
fore report all postings respective post- all postings
start before re- ing dates before re-
port start port start
balance sums of same as sums of values of balance value at
changes costs of --value=end postings in pe- change in DATE/today of
(bal, is, postings in riod at respec- each period, sums of post-
bs period tive posting valued at ings
--change, dates period ends
cf
--change)
end bal- sums of costs same as not sup- period end value at
ances (bal of postings --value=end ported balances, DATE/today of
-H, is --H, from before valued at pe- sums of post-
bs, cf) report start riod ends ings
to period end
budget like balance like balance not sup- like balances like balance
amounts changes/end changes/end ported changes/end
(--budget) balances balances balances
row totals, sums, aver- sums, aver- not sup- sums, aver- sums, aver-
row aver- ages of dis- ages of dis- ported ages of dis- ages of dis-
ages (-T, played values played values played values played values
-A)
column to- sums of dis- sums of dis- not sup- sums of dis- sums of dis-
tals played values played values ported played values played values
grand to- sum, average sum, average not sup- sum, average sum, average
tal, grand of column to- of column to- ported of column to- of column to-
average tals tals tals tals
end bal- sums of same as sums of values of period end value at
ances costs of --value=end postings from be- balances, DATE/today of
(bal -H, postings fore period start valued at sums of post-
is --H, from before to period end at period ends ings
bs, cf) report start respective post-
to period ing dates
end
budget like balance like balance like balance like bal- like balance
amounts changes/end changes/end changes/end bal- ances changes/end
(--bud- balances balances ances balances
get)
row to- sums, aver- sums, aver- sums, averages of sums, aver- sums, aver-
tals, row ages of dis- ages of dis- displayed values ages of dis- ages of dis-
averages played val- played val- played val- played values
(-T, -A) ues ues ues
column sums of dis- sums of dis- sums of displayed sums of dis- sums of dis-
totals played val- played val- values played val- played values
ues ues ues
grand to- sum, average sum, average sum, average of sum, average sum, average
tal, of column of column column totals of column of column to-
grand av- totals totals totals tals
erage
--cumulative is omitted to save space, it works like -H but with a zero
starting balance.
@ -1664,9 +1685,29 @@ COMMANDS
The balance command can produce several styles of report:
Classic balance report
This is the original balance report, as found in Ledger. It usually
looks like this:
Single-period flat balance report
This is the default for hledger's balance command: a flat list of all
(or with a query, matched) accounts, showing full account names. Ac-
counts are sorted by declaration order if any, and then by account
name. Accounts which have zero balance are not shown unless -E/--empty
is used. The reported balances' total is shown as the last line, un-
less disabled by -N/--no-total.
$ hledger bal
$1 assets:bank:saving
$-2 assets:cash
$1 expenses:food
$1 expenses:supplies
$-1 income:gifts
$-1 income:salary
$1 liabilities:debts
--------------------
0
Single-period tree-mode balance report
With the -t/--tree flag, accounts are displayed hierarchically, showing
subaccounts as short names indented below their parent. (This is the
default style in Ledger and in older hledger versions.)
$ hledger balance
$-1 assets
@ -1682,32 +1723,25 @@ COMMANDS
--------------------
0
By default, accounts are displayed hierarchically, with subaccounts in-
dented below their parent, with accounts at each level of the tree
sorted by declaration order if declared, then by account name.
For more compact output, "boring" accounts containing a single inter-
esting subaccount and no balance of their own (assets:bank and liabili-
ties here) are elided into the following line, unless --no-elide is
used. And accounts which have zero balance and no non-zero subaccounts
are omitted, unless -E/--empty is used.
"Boring" accounts, which contain a single interesting subaccount and no
balance of their own, are elided into the following line for more com-
pact output. (Eg above, the "liabilities" account.) Use --no-elide to
prevent this.
Account balances in tree mode are "inclusive" - they include the bal-
ances of any subaccounts. Eg, the assets $-1 balance here includes the
$1 from assets:bank:saving and the $-2 from assets:cash. (And it would
include balance posted to the assets account itself, if there was any).
Note this causes some repetition, and the final total (0) is the sum of
the top-level balances, not of all the balances shown.
Account balances are "inclusive" - they include the balances of any
subaccounts.
Each group of sibling accounts is sorted separately, by declaration or-
der and then by account name.
Accounts which have zero balance (and no non-zero subaccounts) are
omitted. Use -E/--empty to show them.
A final total is displayed by default; use -N/--no-total to suppress
it, eg:
$ hledger balance -p 2008/6 expenses --no-total
$2 expenses
$1 food
$1 supplies
Customising the classic balance report
You can customise the layout of classic balance reports with --format
FMT:
Customising single-period balance reports
You can customise the layout of single-period balance reports with
--format FMT, which sets the format of each line. Eg:
$ hledger balance --format "%20(account) %12(total)"
assets $-1
@ -1769,25 +1803,11 @@ COMMANDS
o %20(total) %2(depth_spacer)%-(account) - the default format for the
single-column balance report
Colour support
In terminal output, when colour is enabled, the balance command shows
negative amounts in red.
Flat mode
To see a flat list instead of the default hierarchical display, use
--flat. In this mode, accounts (unless depth-clipped) show their full
names and "exclusive" balance, excluding any subaccount balances. In
this mode, you can also use --drop N to omit the first few account name
components.
$ hledger balance -p 2008/6 expenses -N --flat --drop 1
$1 food
$1 supplies
Depth limited balance reports
With --depth N or depth:N or just -N, balance reports show accounts
only to the specified numeric depth. This is very useful to summarise
a complex set of accounts and get an overview.
Depth limiting
With a depth:N query, or --depth N option, or just -N, balance reports
will show accounts only to the specified depth. This is very useful to
hide low-level accounts and get an overview. Eg, limiting to depth 1
shows the top-level accounts:
$ hledger balance -N -1
$-1 assets
@ -1795,8 +1815,28 @@ COMMANDS
$-2 income
$1 liabilities
Flat-mode balance reports, which normally show exclusive balances, show
inclusive balances at the depth limit.
Accounts at the depth limit will include the balances of any hidden
subaccounts (even in flat mode, which normally shows exclusive bal-
ances).
You can also drop account name components from the start of account
names, using --drop N. This can be useful to hide unwanted top-level
detail.
Colour support
In terminal output, when colour is enabled, the balance command shows
negative amounts in red.
Sorting by amount
With -S/--sort-amount, accounts with the largest (most positive) bal-
ances are shown first. For example, hledger bal expenses -MAS shows
your biggest averaged monthly expenses first.
Revenues and liability balances are typically negative, however, so -S
shows these in reverse order. To work around this, you can add --in-
vert to flip the signs. Or, use one of the sign-flipping reports like
balancesheet or incomestatement, which also support -S. Eg: hledger is
-MAS.
Percentages
With -% or --percent, balance reports show each account's value ex-
@ -1825,30 +1865,20 @@ COMMANDS
counts. If there are mixed commodity accounts in the report be sure to
use -V or -B to coerce the report into using a single commodity.
Sorting by amount
With -S/--sort-amount, accounts with the largest (most positive) bal-
ances are shown first. For example, hledger bal expenses -MAS shows
your biggest averaged monthly expenses first.
Multi-period balance report
Multi-period balance reports are a very useful hledger feature, acti-
vated if you provide one of the reporting interval flags, such as
-M/--monthly. They are similar to single-period balance reports, but
they show the report as a table, with columns representing one or more
successive time periods. This is the usually the preferred style of
balance report in hledger (even for a single period).
Revenues and liability balances are typically negative, however, so -S
shows these in reverse order. To work around this, you can add --in-
vert to flip the signs. Or, use one of the sign-flipping reports like
balancesheet or incomestatement, which also support -S. Eg: hledger is
-MAS.
Multicolumn balance report
Multicolumn or tabular balance reports are a very useful hledger fea-
ture, and usually the preferred style. They share many of the above
features, but they show the report as a table, with columns represent-
ing time periods. This mode is activated by providing a reporting in-
terval.
There are three types of multicolumn balance report, showing different
Multi-period balance reports come in several types, showing different
information:
1. By default: each column shows the sum of postings in that period, ie
the account's change of balance in that period. This is useful eg
for a monthly income statement:
1. A balance change report: by default, each column shows the sum of
postings in that period, ie the account's change of balance in that
period. This is useful eg for a monthly income statement:
$ hledger balance --quarterly income expenses -E
Balance changes in 2008:
@ -1862,9 +1892,9 @@ COMMANDS
-------------------++---------------------------------
|| $-1 $1 0 0
2. With --cumulative: each column shows the ending balance for that pe-
riod, accumulating the changes across periods, starting from 0 at
the report start date:
2. A cumulative end balance report: with --cumulative, each column
shows the end balance for that period, accumulating the changes
across periods, starting from 0 at the report start date:
$ hledger balance --quarterly income expenses -E --cumulative
Ending balances (cumulative) in 2008:
@ -1878,11 +1908,12 @@ COMMANDS
-------------------++-------------------------------------------------
|| $-1 0 0 0
3. With --historical/-H: each column shows the actual historical ending
balance for that period, accumulating the changes across periods,
starting from the actual balance at the report start date. This is
useful eg for a multi-period balance sheet, and when you are showing
only the data after a certain start date:
3. A historical end balance report: with --historical/-H, each column
shows the actual historical end balance for that period, accumulat-
ing the changes across periods, and including the balance from any
postings before the report start date. This is useful eg for a
multi-period balance sheet, and when you want to see balances only
after a certain date:
$ hledger balance ^assets ^liabilities --quarterly --historical --begin 2008/4/1
Ending balances (historical) in 2008/04/01-2008/12/31:
@ -1899,9 +1930,6 @@ COMMANDS
Note that --cumulative or --historical/-H disable --row-total/-T, since
summing end balances generally does not make sense.
Multicolumn balance reports display accounts in flat mode by default;
to see the hierarchy, use --tree.
With a reporting interval (like --quarterly above), the report
start/end dates will be adjusted if necessary so that they encompass
the displayed report periods. This is so that the first and last peri-
@ -2323,21 +2351,25 @@ COMMANDS
check
check
Check for various kinds of errors in your data. experimental
Check for various kinds of errors in your data.
hledger provides a number of built-in error checks to help prevent
problems in your data. Some of these are run automatically; or, you
can use this check command to run them on demand, with no output and a
zero exit code if all is well. Some examples:
zero exit code if all is well. Specify their names (or a prefix) as
argument(s).
Some examples:
hledger check # basic checks
hledger check -s # basic + strict checks
hledger check ordereddates uniqueleafnames # basic + specified checks
hledger check ordereddates payees # basic + two other checks
Here are the checks currently available:
Basic checks
These are always run by this command and other commands:
These checks are always run automatically, by (almost) all hledger com-
mands, including check:
o parseable - data files are well-formed and can be successfully parsed
@ -2349,27 +2381,30 @@ COMMANDS
(This check can be disabled with -I/--ignore-assertions.)
Strict checks
These are always run by this and other commands when -s/--strict is
used (strict mode):
These additional checks are run when the -s/--strict (strict mode) flag
is used. Or, they can be run by giving their names as arguments to
check:
o accounts - all account names used by transactions have been declared
o commodities - all commodity symbols used have been declared
Other checks
These checks can be run by specifying their names as arguments to the
check command:
These checks can be run only by giving their names as arguments to
check. They are more specialised and not desirable for everyone,
therefore optional:
o ordereddates - transactions are ordered by date (similar to the old
check-dates command)
o uniqueleafnames - all account leaf names are unique (similar to the
old check-dupes command)
o payees - all payees used by transactions have been declared
Add-on checks
Some checks are not yet integrated with this command, but are available
as add-on commands in https://github.com/simonmichael/hledger/tree/mas-
ter/bin:
o uniqueleafnames - all account leaf names are unique (similar to the
old check-dupes command).
Custom checks
A few more checks are are available as separate add-on commands, in
https://github.com/simonmichael/hledger/tree/master/bin:
o hledger-check-tagfiles - all tag values containing / (a forward
slash) exist as file paths
@ -2377,8 +2412,8 @@ COMMANDS
o hledger-check-fancyassertions - more complex balance assertions are
passing
You could make your own similar scripts to perform custom checks; Cook-
book -> Scripting may be helpful.
You could make similar scripts to perform your own custom checks. See:
Cookbook -> Scripting.
close
close, equity
@ -3772,7 +3807,7 @@ JOURNAL FORMAT
Account names typically have several parts separated by a full colon,
from which hledger derives a hierarchical chart of accounts. They can
be anything you like, but in finance there are traditionally five top-
level accounts: assets, liabilities, income, expenses, and equity.
level accounts: assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and equity.
Account names may contain single spaces, eg: assets:accounts receiv-
able. Because of this, they must always be followed by two or more
@ -4190,6 +4225,10 @@ JOURNAL FORMAT
in reports
include include entries/directives what the included
from another file directives affect
[payee] declare a payee name following entries
until end of cur-
rent file
P declare a market price for a amounts of that
commodity commodity in re-
ports, when -V is
@ -4214,8 +4253,6 @@ JOURNAL FORMAT
dis- how to display amounts of a commodity in reports (symbol side
play and spacing, digit groups, decimal separator, decimal places)
style
direc- which entries and (when there are multiple files) which files
tive are affected by a directive
scope
@ -4291,6 +4328,14 @@ JOURNAL FORMAT
expenses 1
assets
Declaring payees
The payee directive can be used to declare a limited set of payees
which may appear in transaction descriptions. The "payees" check will
report an error if any transaction refers to a payee that has not been
declared. Eg:
payee Whole Foods
Declaring commodities
The commodity directive has several functions:
@ -5035,8 +5080,6 @@ CSV FORMAT
by patterns, alternate syntax
end skip the remaining CSV records
date-format how to parse dates in CSV records
decimal-mark the decimal mark used in CSV amounts, if
ambiguous
newest-first disambiguate record order when there's
@ -5790,29 +5833,79 @@ CSV FORMAT
o https://plaintextaccounting.org -> data import/conversion
Setting amounts
A posting amount can be set in one of these ways:
Some tips on using the amount-setting rules discussed above.
o by assigning (with a fields list or field assignment) to amountN
(posting N's amount) or amount (posting 1's amount)
Here are the ways to set a posting's amount:
o by assigning to amountN-in and amountN-out (or amount-in and amount-
out). For each CSV record, whichever of these has a non-zero value
will be used, with appropriate sign. If both contain a non-zero
value, this may not work.
1. If the CSV has a single amount field:
Assign (via a fields list or a field assignment) to amountN. This sets
the Nth posting's amount. N is usually 1 or 2 but can go up to 99.
o by assigning to balanceN (or balance) instead of the above, setting
the amount indirectly via a balance assignment. If you do this the
default account name may be wrong, so you should set that explicitly.
2. If the CSV has separate Debit and Credit amount fields:
Assign to amountN-in and amountN-out. This sets posting N's amount to
whichever of these has a non-zero value, guessing an appropriate sign.
There is some special handling for an amount's sign:
o If hledger guesses the wrong sign:
Prepend a minus sign to flip it. Eg:
o If an amount value is parenthesised, it will be de-parenthesised and
sign-flipped.
fields date, description, amount-in, amount-out
amount-out -%amount-out
o If an amount value begins with a double minus sign, those cancel out
and are removed.
o If both fields contain a non-zero value:
The amountN-in/amountN-out rules require that each CSV record has a
non-zero value in exactly one of the two fields, so that hledger
knows which to choose. So these would all be rejected:
o If an amount value begins with a plus sign, that will be removed
"", ""
"0", "0"
"1", "none"
If your CSV has amount values like this, use conditional rules
instead. For example, to make hledger to choose the value con-
taining non-zero digits:
fields date, description, in, out
if %in [1-9]
amount1 %in
if %out [1-9]
amount1 %out
3. Using the old numberless syntax:
Assign to amount (or to amount-in and amount-out). This sets posting
1's and posting 2's amounts (and converts posting 2's amount to cost).
This is supported for backwards compatibility (and occasional conve-
nience).
4. If the CSV has the balance instead of the transaction amount:
Assign to balanceN, which sets posting N's amount indirectly via a bal-
ance assignment. (Old syntax: balance, equivalent to balance1.)
o If hledger guesses the wrong default account name:
When setting the amount via balance assertion, hledger may guess
the wrong default account name. So, set the account name explic-
itly, eg:
fields date, description, balance1
account1 assets:checking
Amount signs
There is some special handling for amount signs, to simplify parsing
and sign-flipping:
o If an amount value begins with a plus sign:
that will be removed: +AMT becomes AMT
o If an amount value is parenthesised:
it will be de-parenthesised and sign-flipped: (AMT) becomes -AMT
o If an amount value has two minus signs (or two sets of parentheses,
or a minus sign and parentheses):
they cancel out and will be removed: --AMT or -(AMT) becomes AMT
o If an amount value contains just a sign (or just a set of parenthe-
ses):
that is removed, making it an empty value. "+" or "-" or "()" becomes
"".
Setting currency/commodity
If the currency/commodity symbol is included in the CSV's amount