;bal: more doc updates
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@ -10,25 +10,51 @@ columns representing time periods.
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Compared to Ledger's balance command, hledger's `balance` adds the
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significant feature of multi-period reports.
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Note there are some easier variants of the `balance` command which
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are more convenient for everyday financial reporting:
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Note there are some higher-level variants of the `balance` command
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with convenient defaults, which can be simpler to use:
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[`balancesheet`](#balancesheet),
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[`balancesheetequity`](#balancesheetequity),
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[`cashflow`](#cashflow) and
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[`incomestatement`](#incomestatement).
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But when you want most control, you can use `balance`.
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It can show:
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When you need more control, then use `balance`.
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- accounts as a flat list or a tree, optionally depth-limited (`-l`, `-t`, `-[1-9]`)
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- a single time period or multiple periods (`-D`, `-W`, `-M`, `-Q`, `-Y`, `-p INTERVAL`)
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- balance changes in each period (`--change`)
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- actual and planned balance changes, and their relative percentage, in each period (`--budget`)
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- accumulated totals at the end of each period (counting from report start) (`--cumulative`)
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- historical end balances at the end of each period (assuming a suitable opening balances transaction) (`--historical`)
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- totals, averages, percentages, inverted sign (`-T`, `-A`, `-%`, `--invert`)
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- custom-formatted line items (in single-period reports) (`--format`)
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- transposed data - swapping the rows and columns (in multi-period reports) (`--transpose`)
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- pivoted data - using a different field as the "account name" (`--pivot FIELD`) (see [PIVOTING](#pivoting)
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Here's a quick overview of `balance` features
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(many of these work with the higher-level commands as well),
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followed by more detailed descriptions and examples.
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`balance` can show..
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- accounts as a [list (`-l`) or a tree (`-t`)](#list-or-tree-mode)
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- optionally depth-limited ([`-[1-9]`](#depth-limiting))
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- sorted [by declaration order and name](#simple-balance-report),
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or [by amount](#sorting-by-amount)
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..and their..
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- balance changes ([`--change`](#simple-balance-report), the default report type)
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- or actual and planned balance changes ([`--budget`](#budget-report))
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- or value of balance changes ([`--change -V`](#valuation-type))
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- or change of balance value ([`--valuechange`](#report-type))
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..in..
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- one time period (the whole journal period by default)
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- or multiple periods ([`-D`, `-W`, `-M`, `-Q`, `-Y`, `-p INTERVAL`](#report-intervals))
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..either..
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- per period ([`--periodic`](#accumulation-type), the default accumulation type)
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- or accumulated since report start date ([`--cumulative`](#accumulation-type))
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- or accumulated since account creation ([`--historical/-H`](#accumulation-type))
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..with..
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- totals ([`-T`](#multi-period-balance-report)),
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averages ([`-A`](#multi-period-balance-report)),
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percentages ([`-%`](#percentages)),
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inverted sign ([`--invert`](#sorting-by-amount))
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- rows and columns swapped ([`--transpose`](#multi-period-balance-report))
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- another field used as account name ([`--pivot`](#multi-period-balance-report))
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- custom-formatted line items (single-period reports only) ([`--format`](#customising-single-period-balance-reports))
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This command supports the
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[output destination](#output-destination) and
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@ -36,8 +62,6 @@ This command supports the
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with output formats `txt`, `csv`, `json`, and (multi-period reports only:) `html`.
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In `txt` output in a colour-supporting terminal, negative amounts are shown in red.
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Here are some examples of `balance` reports and features.
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<a name="classic-balance-report"></a>
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### Simple balance report
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@ -202,6 +226,8 @@ shown, unless `-E/--empty` is used.
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- Average and/or total columns can be added with the `-A/--average` and
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`-T/--row-total` flags.
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- The `--transpose` flag can be used to exchange rows and columns.
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- The `--pivot FIELD` option causes a different transaction field to be used as
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"account name". See [PIVOTING](#pivoting).
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Multi-period reports with many periods can be too wide for easy viewing in the terminal.
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Here are some ways to handle that:
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@ -311,25 +337,35 @@ For more flexible reporting, there are three important option groups:
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`hledger balance [REPORTTYPE] [ACCUMULATIONTYPE] [VALUATIONTYPE] ...`
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#### Report type
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The general thing that is calculated/shown in each cell. It is one of:
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The general thing that is calculated/shown in each cell.
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It is one of:
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- `--change` : show a sum of posting amounts (**default**)
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- `--budget` : like --change but also show a budget goal amount
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- `--valuechange` : show change of value of period-end historical balances
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<!-- - `--gain` : show change of value of period-end historical balances caused by market price fluctuations -->
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More report types are on the way.
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#### Accumulation type
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Which previous periods' postings should be included in calculations
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(especially in multiperiod reports).
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It is one of:
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- `--periodic` : postings from column start to column end. Ie, show changes in each period. Typically used when reviewing revenues/expenses. (**default for balance, incomestatement**)
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- `--periodic` : postings from column start to column end. Ie, show
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[changes] in each period. Typically used when reviewing
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revenues/expenses. (**default for balance, incomestatement**)
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- `--cumulative` : postings from report start (specified by -b/--begin, eg) to column end. Ie, show changes since start of report. Rarely used.
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- `--cumulative` : postings from report start (specified by
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-b/--begin, eg) to column end. Ie, show [accumulated changes] since
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start of report. Rarely used.
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- `--historical/-H` : postings from journal start to column end. Ie, show historical balance at end of each period. Typically used when reviewing assets/liabilities/equity. (**default for balancesheet, balancesheetequity, cashflow**)
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- `--historical/-H` : postings from journal start to column end. Ie,
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show [historical balance] at end of each period. Typically used when
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reviewing assets/liabilities/equity. (**default for balancesheet,
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balancesheetequity, cashflow**)
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[changes]: #balance-change-end-balance-historical-end-balance
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[accumulated changes]: #balance-change-end-balance-historical-end-balance
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[historical balance]: #balance-change-end-balance-historical-end-balance
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#### Valuation type
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Which kind of [valuation], [valuation date(s)] and optionally a target [valuation commodity] to use.
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