* toc # hledger User Manual ## Introduction and overview [hledger](/) is a program for tracking money, time, or any other commodity, using double-entry accounting and a simple, editable file format. It is inspired by and largely compatible with [ledger](http://ledger-cli.org). Its basic function is to read a plain text file describing financial transactions, and quickly generate useful reports via the command line. It can also help you record transactions, and there is also a web interface. You can use it to, eg: - track spending and income - track unpaid or due invoices - track time and report by day/week/month/project - get accurate numbers for client billing and tax filing hledger is Free Software released under GPL version 3 or later, and is tested on unix, mac and windows. See [Download](download.html) for installation help. This manual is the reference for every part of hledger's functionality; this version documents hledger and hledger-web 0.27 If you find anything missing or incorrect, please report it as a bug. Patches and feedback are always welcome. If you're just starting with hledger, there's no need to read all of this. Instead, I suggest (in addition to, or instead of, the step-by-step [tutorial](step-by-step)): 1. read [Usage](#usage) to learn the basic UI and start a journal file 2. and the first part of [Journal](#journal) which explains the journal file 3. then try out the [commands](#commands) 4. when you're ready, learn how to refine them with search [queries](#queries) and command-line [options](#options). Here is an overview of hledger's commands. **Built-in commands:** - [accounts](#accounts) - show account names - [activity](#activity) - show a histogram of transaction activity - [add](#add) - interactively prompt for new journal entries - [balance](#balance) - show accounts and their balances in one or more periods - [balancesheet](#balancesheet) - show asset and liability balances - [cashflow](#cashflow) - show changes in asset balances - [incomestatement](#incomestatement) - show revenues and expenses - [print](#print) - show journal entries - [register](#register) - show postings, usually to a specific account, in one or more periods - [stats](#stats) - show some journal summary info - [test](#test) - run built-in unit tests **Add-on commands:** (install the corresponding packages to make these available) - [autosync](#autosync) - downloads OFX data from banks, converts OFX to journal entries, and prints the new ones - [diff](#diff) - compare two journal files and show differing transactions - [interest](#interest) - generate interest transactions for various schemes - [irr](#irr) - calculate the internal rate of return of an account - [web](#web) - a web UI for browsing transactions and accounts and adding new ones **Experimental commands:** (extra scripts available in the hledger source) - [equity](#equity) - generate an "opening balances" entry restoring all account balances - [print-unique](#print-unique) - show only journal entries with unique descriptions - [rewrite](#rewrite) - like print, but adds custom postings to matched entries ## Usage Basic usage is: ```shell $ hledger COMMAND [OPTIONS] [ARGS] ``` Most [commands](#commands) query or operate on a [journal file](#journal), which by default is `.hledger.journal` in your home directory. You can specify a different file with the `-f` option or `LEDGER_FILE` environment variable, or standard input with `-f-`. Options are similar across most commands, with some variations; use `hledger COMMAND --help` for details. Most options must appear after COMMAND, not before it; but the following general options can appear anywhere: `-f`, `--rules-file`, `--alias`, `--ignore-assertions`, `--help`, `--debug`, `--version`. If an option is repeated, the last one takes precedence. Eg `-p jan -p feb` is equivalent to `-p feb`. Arguments are also command-specific, but usually they form a [query](#queries) which selects a subset of the journal, eg transactions in a certain account. To create an initial journal, run `hledger add` and follow the prompts to enter some transactions. Or, save this [sample file](https://raw.github.com/simonmichael/hledger/master/data/sample.journal) as `.hledger.journal` in your home directory. Now try some commands, eg like these: ``` {.shell .bold} $ hledger # show available commands $ hledger add # add more transactions to the journal file $ hledger balance # all accounts with aggregated balances $ hledger balance --help # show help for balance command $ hledger balance --depth 1 # only top-level accounts $ hledger register # show account postings, with running total $ hledger reg income # show postings to/from income accounts $ hledger reg 'assets:some bank:checking' # show postings to/from this checking account $ hledger print desc:shop # show transactions with shop in the description $ hledger activity -W # show transaction counts per week as a bar chart ``` ## Data formats ### Journal hledger's usual data source is a plain text file containing journal entries in hledger journal format. This file represents a standard accounting [general journal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_journal). I use file names ending in `.journal`, but that's not required. The journal file contains a number of transaction entries, each describing a transfer of money (or any commodity) between two or more named accounts, in a simple format readable by both hledger and humans. hledger's journal format is a compatible subset, [mostly](faq.html#file-format-differences), of [ledger's journal format](http://ledger-cli.org/3.0/doc/ledger3.html#Journal-Format), so hledger can work with [compatible](faq.html#file-format-differences) ledger journal files as well. It's safe, and encouraged, to run both hledger and ledger on the same journal file, eg to validate the results you're getting. You can use hledger without learning any more about this file; just use the [add](#add) or [web](#web) commands to create and update it. Many users, though, also edit the journal file directly with a text editor, perhaps assisted by the helper modes for emacs or vim. Here's an example: ```journal ; A sample journal file. This is a comment. 2008/01/01 income ; <- transaction's first line starts in column 0, contains date and description assets:bank:checking $1 ; <- posting lines start with whitespace, each contains an account name income:salary $-1 ; followed by at least two spaces and an amount 2008/06/01 gift assets:bank:checking $1 ; <- at least two postings in a transaction income:gifts $-1 ; <- their amounts must balance to 0 2008/06/02 save assets:bank:saving $1 assets:bank:checking ; <- one amount may be omitted; here $-1 is inferred 2008/06/03 eat & shop ; <- description can be anything expenses:food $1 expenses:supplies $1 ; <- this transaction debits two expense accounts assets:cash ; <- $-2 inferred 2008/12/31 * pay off ; <- an optional * or ! after the date means "cleared" (or anything you want) liabilities:debts $1 assets:bank:checking ``` Now let's explore the available journal file syntax in detail. #### Entries Each journal entry begins with a [simple date](#simple-dates) in column 0, followed by three optional fields with spaces between them: - a status flag, which can be empty or `!` or `*` (meaning "uncleared", "pending" and "cleared", or whatever you want) - a transaction code (eg a check number), - and/or a description then some number of postings, of some amount to some account, each on its own line. Usually there are at least two postings, though one or even none is possible. The ([real](#virtual-postings)) posting amounts within a transaction must always balance, ie add up to 0. Optionally one amount can be left blank, in which case it will be inferred. #### Dates ##### Simple dates Within a journal file, transaction dates use Y/M/D (or Y-M-D or Y.M.D) Leading zeroes are optional. The year may be omitted, in which case it defaults to the current year, or you can set the default year with a [default year directive](#default-year). Some examples: `2010/01/31`, `1/31`, `2010-01-31`, `2010.1.31`. ##### Secondary dates Real-life transactions sometimes involve more than one date - eg the date you write a cheque, and the date it clears in your bank. When you want to model this, eg for more accurate balances, write both dates separated by an equals sign. The *primary date*, on the left, is used by default; the *secondary date*, on the right, is used when the `--date2` flag is specified (For Ledger compatibility, `--aux-date` or `--effective` also work.) Their meaning is up to you, but it's best to follow a consistent rule. Eg write the bank's clearing date as primary, and when needed, the date the transaction was initiated as secondary. Here's an example. Note that a secondary date will use the year of the primary date if unspecified. ```journal 2010/2/23=2/19 movie ticket expenses:cinema $10 assets:checking ```

```{.shell} $ hledger register checking 2010/02/23 movie ticket assets:checking $-10 $-10 ```

```{.shell} $ hledger register checking --date2 2010/02/19 movie ticket assets:checking $-10 $-10 ``` Secondary dates require some effort: you must use them consistently in your journal entries and remember whether to use or not use the `--date2` flag for your reports. Arguably they are now obsolete, superseded by... ##### Posting dates You can give individual postings a different date from their parent transaction, by adding a [posting tag](#tags) (see below) like `date:DATE`, where DATE is a [simple date](#simple-dates). This is probably the best way to control posting dates precisely. Eg in this example the expense should appear in May reports, and the deduction from checking should be reported on 6/1 for easy bank reconciliation: ``` {.journal} 2015/5/30 expenses:food $10 ; food purchased on saturday 5/30 assets:checking ; bank cleared it on monday, date:6/1 ```

```{.shell} $ hledger -f tt.j register food 2015/05/30 expenses:food $10 $10 ```

```{.shell} $ hledger -f tt.j register checking 2015/06/01 assets:checking $-10 $-10 ``` A posting date will use the year of the transaction date if unspecified. You can also set the secondary date, with `date2:DATE2`. For compatibility, Ledger's older posting date syntax is also supported: `[DATE]`, `[DATE=DATE2]` or `[=DATE2]` in a posting comment. When using any of these forms, be sure to provide a valid simple date or you'll get a parse error. Eg a `date:` tag with no value is not allowed. #### Account names Account names typically have several parts separated by a full colon, from which hledger derives a hierarchical chart of accounts. They can be anything you like, but in finance there are traditionally five top-level accounts: `assets`, `liabilities`, `income`, `expenses`, and `equity`. Account names may contain single spaces, eg: `assets:accounts receivable`. Because of this, they must always be followed by at least two spaces (or newline). Account names can be [aliased](#account-aliases). #### Amounts After the account name, there is usually an amount. Important: between account name and amount, there must be **two or more** spaces. The amount is a number, optionally with a currency symbol or commodity name on either the left or right. Negative amounts may have the minus sign either before or after the currency symbol (`-$1` or `$-1`). Commodity names which contain more than just letters should be enclosed in double quotes (`1 "person hours"`). ##### Decimal points and digit groups hledger supports flexible decimal point and digit group separator styles, to support international variations. Numbers can use either a period (`.`) or a comma (`,`) as decimal point. They can also have digit group separators at any position (eg thousands separators) which can be comma or period - whichever one you did not use as a decimal point. If you use digit group separators, you must also include a decimal point in at least one number in the same commodity, so that hledger knows which character is which. Eg, write `$1,000.00` or `$1.000,00`. ##### Amount display styles Based on how you format amounts, hledger will infer canonical display styles for each commodity, and use these when displaying amounts in that commodity. Amount styles include: - the position (left or right) and spacing (space or no separator) of the commodity symbol - the digit group separator character (comma or period) and digit group sizes, if any - the decimal point character (period or comma) - the display precision (number of decimal places displayed) The canonical style is generally the style of the first posting amount seen in a commodity. However the display precision will be the highest precision seen in all posting amounts in that commmodity. The precisions used in a price amount, or a D directive, don't affect the canonical display precision directly, but they can affect it indirectly, eg when D's default commodity is applied to a commodity-less amount or when an amountless posting is balanced using a price's commodity (actually this last case does not influence the canonical display precision but probably should). #### Virtual Postings When you parenthesise the account name in a posting, that posting is considered *virtual*, which means: - it is ignored when checking that the transaction is balanced - it is excluded from reports when the `--real/-R` flag is used, or the `real:1` query. You could use this, eg, to set an account's opening balance without needing to use the `equity:opening balances` account: ```journal 1/1 special unbalanced posting to set initial balance (assets:checking) $1000 ``` ##### Balanced Virtual Postings When the account name is bracketed, the posting is *balanced virtual*, which is just like a virtual posting except the balanced virtual postings in a transaction must balance to 0, like the real postings (but separately from them). Balanced virtual postings are also excluded by `--real/-R` or `real:1`. Virtual postings are a feature inherited from Ledger can can occasionally be useful, but they can be a crutch and you should think twice or three times before using them. You can almost always find an equivalent journal entry using two or more real postings that will be more correct and more error-proof. #### Balance Assertions hledger supports ledger-style [balance assertions](http://ledger-cli.org/3.0/doc/ledger3.html#Balance-assertions) in journal files. These look like `=EXPECTEDBALANCE` following a posting's amount. Eg in this example we assert the expected dollar balance in accounts a and b after each posting: ``` {.journal} 2013/1/1 a $1 =$1 b =$-1 2013/1/2 a $1 =$2 b $-1 =$-2 ``` After reading a journal file, hledger will check all balance assertions and report an error if any of them fail. Balance assertions can protect you from, eg, inadvertently disrupting reconciled balances while cleaning up old entries. You can disable them temporarily with the `--ignore-assertions` flag, which can be useful for troubleshooting or for reading Ledger files. ##### Assertions and ordering hledger sorts an account's postings and assertions first by date and then (for postings on the same day) by parse order. Note this is different from Ledger, which sorts assertions only by parse order. (Also, Ledger assertions do not see the accumulated effect of repeated postings to the same account within a transaction.) So, hledger balance assertions keep working if you reorder differently-dated transactions within the journal. But if you reorder same-dated transactions or postings, assertions might break and require updating. This order dependence does bring an advantage: precise control over the order of postings and assertions within a day, so you can assert intra-day balances. With [included files](#including-other-files), things are a little more complicated. Including preserves the ordering of postings and assertions. If you have multiple postings to an account on the same day, split across different files, and you also want to assert the account's balance on the same day, you'll have to put the assertion in the right file. ##### Assertions and commodities The asserted balance must be a simple single-commodity amount, and in fact the assertion checks only this commodity's balance within the (possibly multi-commodity) account balance. We could call this a partial balance assertion. This is compatible with Ledger, and makes it possible to make assertions about accounts containing multiple commodities. To assert each commodity's balance in such a multi-commodity account, you can add multiple postings (with amount 0 if necessary). But note that no matter how many assertions you add, you can't be sure the account does not contain some unexpected commodity. (We'll add support for this kind of total balance assertion if there's demand.) ##### Assertions and subaccounts Balance assertions do not count the balance from subaccounts; they check the posted account's exclusive balance. For example: ``` {.journal} 1/1 checking:fund 1 = 1 ; post to this subaccount, its balance is now 1 checking 1 = 1 ; post to the parent account, its exclusive balance is now 1 equity ``` The balance report's flat mode shows these exclusive balances more clearly: ```shell $ hledger bal checking --flat 1 checking 1 checking:fund -------------------- 2 ``` ###### Assertions and virtual postings Balance assertions are checked against all postings, both real and [virtual](#virtual-postings). They are not affected by the `--real/-R` flag or `real:` query. #### Prices ##### Transaction prices When recording a transaction, you can also record an amount's price in another commodity. This documents the exchange rate, cost (of a purchase), or selling price (of a sale) that was in effect within this particular transaction (or more precisely, within the particular posting). These transaction prices are fixed, and do not change. Such priced amounts can be displayed in their transaction price's commodity, by using the `--cost/-B` flag (B for "cost Basis"), supported by most hledger commands. There are three ways to specify a transaction price: 1. Write the unit price (aka exchange rate), as `@ UNITPRICE` after the amount: ```journal 2009/1/1 assets:foreign currency €100 @ $1.35 ; one hundred euros at $1.35 each assets:cash ``` 2. Or write the total price, as `@@ TOTALPRICE` after the amount: ```journal 2009/1/1 assets:foreign currency €100 @@ $135 ; one hundred euros at $135 for the lot assets:cash ``` 3. Or let hledger infer the price so as to balance the transaction. To permit this, you must fully specify all posting amounts, and their sum must have a non-zero amount in exactly two commodities: ```journal 2009/1/1 assets:foreign currency €100 ; one hundred euros assets:cash $-135 ; exchanged for $135 ``` With any of the above examples we get: ```shell $ hledger print -B 2009/01/01 assets:foreign currency $135.00 assets:cash $-135.00 ``` Example use for transaction prices: recording the effective conversion rate of purchases made in a foreign currency. ##### Market prices Market prices are not tied to a particular transaction; they represent historical exchange rates between two commodities, usually from some public market which publishes such rates. When market prices are known, the `-V/--value` option will use them to convert reported amounts to their market value as of the report end date. This option is currently available only with the [balance](#balance) command. You record market prices (Ledger calls them historical prices) with a P directive, in the journal or perhaps in a separate [included](#including-other-files) file. Market price directives have the format: ```journal P DATE COMMODITYSYMBOL UNITPRICE ``` For example, the following directives say that the euro's exchange rate was 1.35 US dollars during 2009, and $1.40 from 2010 onward (and unknown before 2009). ```journal P 2009/1/1 € $1.35 P 2010/1/1 € $1.40 ``` Example use for market prices: tracking the value of stocks. #### Comments Lines in the journal beginning with a semicolon (`;`) or hash (`#`) or asterisk (`*`) are comments, and will be ignored. (Asterisk comments make it easy to treat your journal like an org-mode outline in emacs.) Also, anything between [`comment` and `end comment` directives](#multi-line-comments) is a (multi-line) comment. If there is no `end comment`, the comment extends to the end of the file. You can attach comments to a transaction by writing them after the description and/or indented on the following lines (before the postings). Similarly, you can attach comments to an individual posting by writing them after the amount and/or indented on the following lines. Some examples: ```journal # a journal comment ; also a journal comment comment This is a multiline comment, which continues until a line where the "end comment" string appears on its own. end comment 2012/5/14 something ; a transaction comment ; the transaction comment, continued posting1 1 ; a comment for posting 1 posting2 ; a comment for posting 2 ; another comment line for posting 2 ; a journal comment (because not indented) ``` #### Tags A *tag* is a word followed by a full colon inside a transaction or posting [comment](#comments). You can write multiple tags, comma separated. Eg: `; a comment containing sometag:, anothertag:`. You can search for tags with the [`tag:` query](manual#queries). A tag can also have a value, which is any text between the colon and the next comma or newline, excluding leading/trailing whitespace. (So hledger tag values can not contain commas or newlines). Tags in a transaction comment affect the transaction and all of its postings, while tags in a posting comment affect only that posting. For example, the following transaction has three tags (A, TAG2, third-tag) and the posting has four (A, TAG2, third-tag, posting-tag): ``` {.journal} 1/1 a transaction ; A:, TAG2: ; third-tag: a third transaction tag, this time with a value (a) $1 ; posting-tag: ``` Tags are like Ledger's [metadata](http://ledger-cli.org/3.0/doc/ledger3.html#Metadata) feature, except hledger's tag values are always simple strings. #### Directives ##### Account aliases You can define aliases which rewrite your account names (after reading the journal, before generating reports). hledger's account aliases can be useful for: - expanding shorthand account names to their full form, allowing easier data entry and a less verbose journal - adapting old journals to your current chart of accounts - experimenting with new account organisations, like a new hierarchy or combining two accounts into one - customising reports See also [How to use account aliases](how-to-use-account-aliases.html). ###### Basic aliases To set an account alias, use the `alias` directive in your journal file. This affects all subsequent journal entries in the current file or its [included files](#including-other-files). The spaces around the = are optional: ``` {.journal} alias OLD = NEW ``` Or, you can use the `--alias 'OLD=NEW'` option on the command line. This affects all entries. It's useful for trying out aliases interactively. OLD and NEW are full account names. hledger will replace any occurrence of the old account name with the new one. Subaccounts are also affected. Eg: ``` {.journal} alias checking = assets:bank:wells fargo:checking # rewrites "checking" to "assets:bank:wells fargo:checking", or "checking:a" to "assets:bank:wells fargo:checking:a" ``` ###### Regex aliases There is also a more powerful variant that uses a regular expression, indicated by the forward slashes. (This was the default behaviour in hledger 0.24-0.25): ``` {.journal} alias /REGEX/ = REPLACEMENT ``` or `--alias '/REGEX/=REPLACEMENT'`. REGEX is a case-insensitive regular expression. Anywhere it matches inside an account name, the matched part will be replaced by REPLACEMENT. If REGEX contains parenthesised match groups, these can be referenced by the usual numeric backreferences in REPLACEMENT. Note, currently regular expression aliases may cause noticeable slow-downs. (And if you use Ledger on your hledger file, they will be ignored.) Eg: ``` {.journal} alias /^(.+):bank:([^:]+)(.*)/ = \1:\2 \3 # rewrites "assets:bank:wells fargo:checking" to "assets:wells fargo checking" ``` ###### Multiple aliases You can define as many aliases as you like using directives or command-line options. Aliases are recursive - each alias sees the result of applying previous ones. (This is different from Ledger, where aliases are non-recursive by default). Aliases are applied in the following order: 1. alias directives, most recently seen first (recent directives take precedence over earlier ones; directives not yet seen are ignored) 2. alias options, in the order they appear on the command line ###### end aliases You can clear (forget) all currently defined aliases with the `end aliases` directive: ``` {.journal} end aliases ``` ##### Multi-line comments A line containing just `comment` starts a multi-line comment, and a line containing just `end comment` ends it. See [comments](#comments). ##### Default commodity You can set a default commodity, to be used for amounts without one. Use the D directive with a sample amount. The commodity (and the sample amount's display style) will be applied to all subsequent commodity-less amounts, up to the next D directive. (Note this is different from Ledger's default commodity directive.) Also note the directive itself does not influence the commodity's default [display style](#amount-display-styles), but the amount it is applied to might. Here's an example: ```journal ; set £ as the default commodity D £1,000.00 2010/1/1 a 2340 b 2014/1/1 c £1000 d ``` ```{.shell} $ hledger print 2010/01/01 a £2,340.00 b £-2,340.00 2014/01/01 c £1,000.00 d £-1,000.00 ``` ##### Default parent account You can specify a parent account which will be prepended to all accounts within a section of the journal. Use the `account` directive like so: ``` {.journal} account home 2010/1/1 food $10 cash end ``` If `end` is omitted, the effect lasts to the end of the file. The above is equivalent to: ``` {.journal} 2010/01/01 home:food $10 home:cash $-10 ``` Included files are also affected, eg: ``` {.journal} account business include biz.journal end account personal include personal.journal end ``` ##### Default year You can set a default year to be used for subsequent dates which don't specify a year. This is a line beginning with `Y` followed by the year. Eg: ``` {.journal} Y2009 ; set default year to 2009 12/15 ; equivalent to 2009/12/15 expenses 1 assets Y2010 ; change default year to 2010 2009/1/30 ; specifies the year, not affected expenses 1 assets 1/31 ; equivalent to 2010/1/31 expenses 1 assets ``` ##### Including other files You can pull in the content of additional journal files by writing an include directive, like this: ``` {.journal} include path/to/file.journal ``` If the path does not begin with a slash, it is relative to the current file. The `include` directive may only be used in journal files, and currently it may only include other journal files (eg, not CSV or timelog files.) ### Timelog hledger can also read timelog files. [As with Ledger](http://ledger-cli.org/3.0/doc/ledger3.html#Time-Keeping), these are (a subset of) [timeclock.el](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/TimeClock)'s format, containing clock-in and clock-out entries as in the example below. The date is a [simple date](#simple-dates) (also, [default year directives](#default-year) work). The time format is HH:MM[:SS][+-ZZZZ]. Seconds and timezone are optional. The timezone, if present, must be four digits and is ignored (currently the time is always interpreted as a local time). ```timelog i 2015/03/30 09:00:00 some:account name optional description after two spaces o 2015/03/30 09:20:00 i 2015/03/31 22:21:45 another account o 2015/04/01 02:00:34 ``` hledger treats each clock-in/clock-out pair as a transaction posting some number of hours to an account. Or if the session spans more than one day, it is split into several transactions, one for each day. For the above time log, `hledger print` generates these journal entries: ```{.shell} $ hledger -f t.timelog print 2015/03/30 * optional description after two spaces (some:account name) 0.33h 2015/03/31 * 22:21-23:59 (another account) 1.64h 2015/04/01 * 00:00-02:00 (another account) 2.01h ``` Here is a [sample.timelog](https://raw.github.com/simonmichael/hledger/master/data/sample.timelog) to download and some queries to try: ```{.shell .bold} $ hledger -f sample.timelog balance # current time balances $ hledger -f sample.timelog register -p 2009/3 # sessions in march 2009 $ hledger -f sample.timelog register -p weekly --depth 1 --empty # time summary by week ``` To generate time logs, ie to clock in and clock out, you could: - use emacs and the built-in timeclock.el, or the extended [timeclock-x.el](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/timeclock-x.el) and perhaps the extras in [ledgerutils.el](http://hub.darcs.net/simon/ledgertools/ledgerutils.el) - at the command line, use these bash aliases: ```{.shell .bold} alias ti="echo i `date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'` \$* >>$TIMELOG" alias to="echo o `date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'` >>$TIMELOG" ``` - or use the old `ti` and `to` scripts in the [ledger 2.x repository](https://github.com/ledger/ledger/tree/release/2.6.3/scripts). These rely on a "timeclock" executable which I think is just the ledger 2 executable renamed. ### CSV hledger can also read [CSV](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values) files, converting each CSV record into a journal entry (transaction), if you provide some conversion hints in a "rules file". This file should be named like the CSV file with an additional `.rules` suffix (eg: `mybank.csv.rules`); or, you can specify the file with `--rules-file PATH`. hledger will create it if necessary, with some default rules which you'll need to adjust. At minimum, the rules file must specify the `date` and `amount` fields. For an example, see [How to read CSV files](how-to-read-csv-files.html). (For CSV output, see [CSV output](#csv-output).) #### CSV rules The following six kinds of rule can appear in the rules file, in any order. Blank lines and lines beginning with `#` or `;` are ignored. **`skip` *N***\ Skip this number of CSV records at the beginning. You'll need this when your CSV contains header lines. Eg: ```rules # ignore the first CSV line skip 1 ``` **`date-format` *DATEFMT***\ When your CSV date fields are not formatted like `YYYY/MM/DD` (or `YYYY-MM-DD` or `YYYY.MM.DD`), you'll need to specify the format. DATEFMT is a [strptime-like date parsing pattern](http://hackage.haskell.org/packages/archive/time/latest/doc/html/Data-Time-Format.html#v:formatTime), which must parse the date field values completely. Examples: ``` {.rules .display-table} # parses "6/11/2013": date-format %-d/%-m/%Y ``` ``` {.rules .display-table} # parses "11/06/2013": date-format %m/%d/%Y ``` ``` {.rules .display-table} # parses "2013-Nov-06": date-format %Y-%h-%d ``` ``` {.rules .display-table} # parses "11/6/2013 11:32 PM": date-format %-m/%-d/%Y %l:%M %p ``` **`fields` *CSVFIELDNAME1*, *CSVFIELDNAME2*...**\ (Field list)\ This (a) names the CSV fields (names may not contain whitespace), and (b) assigns them to journal entry fields if you use any of these standard field names: `date`, `date2`, `status`, `code`, `description`, `comment`, `account1`, `account2`, `amount`, `amount-in`, `amount-out`, `currency`. Eg: ```rules # use the 1st, 2nd and 4th CSV fields as the entry date, description and amount # give the 7th and 8th fields custom names for later reference fields date, description, , amount, , , somefield, anotherfield ``` ***ENTRYFIELDNAME* *FIELDVALUE***\ (Field assignment)\ This sets a journal entry field (one of the standard names above) to the given text value, which can include CSV field values interpolated by name (`%CSVFIELDNAME`) or 1-based position (`%N`). Field assignments can be used instead of or in addition to a field list. Eg: ```{.rules .display-table} # set the amount to the 4th CSV field with "USD " prepended amount USD %4 ``` ```{.rules .display-table} # combine three fields to make a comment (containing two tags) comment note: %somefield - %anotherfield, date: %1 ``` **`if` *PATTERN*\     *FIELDASSIGNMENTS*...**\ or\ **`if`\ *PATTERN*\ *PATTERN*...\     *FIELDASSIGNMENTS*...**\ (Conditional block)\ This applies one or more field assignments, only to those CSV records matched by one of the PATTERNs. The patterns are case-insensitive regular expressions which match anywhere within the whole CSV record (it's not yet possible to match within a specific field). When there are multiple patterns they should be written on separate lines, unindented. The field assignments are on separate lines indented by at least one space. Examples: ```{.rules .display-table} # if the CSV record contains "groceries", set account2 to "expenses:groceries" if groceries account2 expenses:groceries ``` ```{.rules .display-table} # if the CSV record contains any of these patterns, set account2 and comment as shown if monthly service fee atm transaction fee banking thru software account2 expenses:business:banking comment XXX deductible ? check ``` **`include` *RULESFILE***\ Include another rules file at this point. `RULESFILE` is either an absolute file path or a path relative to the current file's directory. Eg: ```rules # rules reused with several CSV files include common.rules ``` #### Other CSV tips Each generated journal entry will have two postings, to `account1` and `account2` respectively. Currently it's not possible to generate entries with more than two postings. If the CSV has debit/credit amounts in separate fields, assign to the `amount-in` and `amount-out` pseudo fields instead of `amount`. If the CSV has the currency in a separate field, assign that to the `currency` pseudo field which will be automatically prepended to the amount. (Or you can do the same thing with a field assignment.) If an amount value is parenthesised, it will be de-parenthesised and sign-flipped automatically. The generated journal entries will be sorted by date. The original order of same-day entries will be preserved, usually. ## Options Use `hledger COMMAND --help` to list the options available for that command. The following general options are common to most commands, though not every one is applicable in all cases: ``` General flags: -f --file=FILE use a different input file. For stdin, use - --rules-file=RFILE CSV conversion rules file (default: FILE.rules) --alias=OLD=NEW display accounts named OLD as NEW --ignore-assertions ignore any balance assertions in the journal -b --begin=DATE include postings/txns on or after this date -e --end=DATE include postings/txns before this date -D --daily multiperiod/multicolumn report by day -W --weekly multiperiod/multicolumn report by week -M --monthly multiperiod/multicolumn report by month -Q --quarterly multiperiod/multicolumn report by quarter -Y --yearly multiperiod/multicolumn report by year -p --period=PERIODEXP set start date, end date, and/or reporting interval all at once (overrides the flags above) --date2 --aux-date use postings/txns' secondary dates instead -C --cleared include only cleared postings/txns --pending include only pending postings/txns -U --uncleared include only uncleared (and pending) postings/txns -R --real include only non-virtual postings --depth=N hide accounts/postings deeper than N -E --empty show empty/zero things which are normally omitted -B --cost show amounts in their cost price's commodity -h --help show general help or (after command) command help --debug=N show debug output if N is 1-9 (default: 0) --version show version information ``` Read on for some additional notes. ### Smart dates Unlike dates in the journal file, hledger's user interfaces accept a more flexible date syntax. These "smart" dates allow some english words, can be relative to today's date, and assume 1 when less-significant date parts are omitted. Examples: | |--------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------| | `2009/1/1`, `2009/01/01`, `2009-1-1`, `2009.1.1`   | simple dates, several separators allowed | | `2009/1`, `2009` | same as above - a missing day or month defaults to 1 | | `1/1`, `january`, `jan`, `this year` | relative dates, meaning january 1 of the current year| | `next year` | january 1 of next year | | `this month` | the 1st of the current month | | `this week` | the most recent monday | | `last week` | the monday of the week before this one | | `lastweek` | spaces are optional | | `today`, `yesterday`, `tomorrow` | | ### Reporting interval A reporting interval can be specified so that commands like [register](#register), [balance](#balance) and [activity](#activity) will divide their reports into multiple report periods. The basic intervals can be selected with one of `-D/--daily`, `-W/--weekly`, `-M/--monthly`, `-Q/--quarterly`, or `-Y/--yearly`. More complex intervals may be specified with a period expression. ### Period expressions The `-p/--period` option accepts period expressions, a shorthand way of expressing a start date, end date, and or reporting interval all at once. Note a period expression on the command line will cause any other date flags (`-b`/`-e`/`-D`/`-W`/`-M`/`-Q`/`-Y`) to be ignored. hledger's period expressions are similar to Ledger's, though not identical. Here's a basic period expression specifying the first quarter of 2009. Note hledger always treats start dates as inclusive and end dates as exclusive: -p "from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1" Keywords like "from" and "to" are optional, and so are the spaces. Just don't run two dates together: -p2009/1/1to2009/4/1 -p"2009/1/1 2009/4/1" Dates are [smart dates](#smart-dates), so if the current year is 2009, the above can also be written as: -p "1/1 to 4/1" -p "january to apr" -p "this year to 4/1" If you specify only one date, the missing start or end date will be the earliest or latest transaction in your journal: -p "from 2009/1/1" (everything after january 1, 2009) -p "from 2009/1" (the same) -p "from 2009" (the same) -p "to 2009" (everything before january 1, 2009) A single date with no "from" or "to" defines both the start and end date like so: -p "2009" (the year 2009; equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2010/1/1") -p "2009/1" (the month of jan; equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2009/2/1") -p "2009/1/1" (just that day; equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2009/1/2") Period expressions can also start with (or be) a reporting interval: `daily`, `weekly`, `monthly`, `quarterly`, `yearly`, or one of the `every ...` expressions below. Optionally the word `in` may appear between the reporting interval and the start/end dates. Examples: -p "weekly from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1" -p "monthly in 2008" -p "bimonthly from 2008" -p "quarterly" -p "every 2 weeks" -p "every 5 days from 1/3" -p "every 15th day of month" -p "every 4th day of week" ### Depth limiting With the `--depth N` option, commands like [account](#account), [balance](#balance) and [register](#register) will show only the uppermost accounts in the account tree, down to level N. Use this when you want a summary with less detail. ### Multiple files One may specify the `--file FILE` option multiple times. This is equivalent to concatenating the files to standard input and passing `--file -`, except that the add command functions normally and adds entries to the first specified file. ## Queries One of hledger's strengths is being able to quickly report on precise subsets of your data.\ Most commands accept an optional query expression, written as arguments after the command name, to filter the data by date, account name or other criteria. Query expressions are also used in the [web ui](#web)'s search form. The query syntax is similar to a Google search expression: one or more space-separated search terms, optional prefixes to match specific fields, quotes to enclose whitespace, etc. A query term can be any of the following: ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ `REGEX` match account names by this regular expression \ \ `acct:REGEX` same as above \ \ `amt:N`, `amt:N`, `amt:>=N` amount that is equal to, less than, or greater than N. \ (Multi-commodity amounts are not tested, and will always match.) \ The comparison has two modes: if N is preceded by a `+` or `-` sign (or is 0), the two signed numbers are compared. Otherwise, the absolute magnitudes are compared, ignoring sign. \ \ `code:REGEX` match by transaction code (eg check number) \ \ `cur:REGEX` match postings or transactions including any amounts \ whose currency/commodity symbol is fully matched by REGEX. (For a \ partial match, use `.*REGEX.*`). Note, to match characters which are \ regex-significant, like the dollar sign (`$`), you need to prepend `\`. \ And when using the command line you need to add one more level of quoting to hide it from the shell, so eg do: `hledger print cur:'\$'` or `hledger print cur:\\$`. \ \ `desc:REGEX` match transaction descriptions \ \ `date:PERIODEXPR` match dates within the specified [period](#period-expressions) \ (which should not include a [reporting interval](#reporting-interval)) \ \ `date2:PERIODEXPR` as above, but match [secondary dates](#secondary-dates) \ \ `depth:N` match (or display, depending on command) accounts at or above this [depth](#depth-limiting) \ \ `real:`, `real:0` match real or [virtual](#virtual-postings) postings respectively \ \ `status:*`, `status:!`, `status:` match cleared, pending, or uncleared/pending transactions respectively \ \ \ \ `tag:REGEX[=REGEX]` match by [tag](#tags) name, and optionally also by tag value. \ Note a `tag:` query is considered to match a transaction if it matches any of the postings. \ Also remember that postings inherit the tags of their parent transaction. \ \ `not:` before any of the above negates the match. ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \ Note that some of these can also be expressed as command-line options (eg `depth:2` is equivalent to `--depth 2`). Generally you can mix options and query arguments, and the resulting query will be their intersection. hledger query expressions don't support boolean logic (AND, OR, grouping with parentheses). Instead, multiple query terms are combined as follows: --- +----------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |The [print](#print) command | - match any of the description terms AND | |selects transactions which: | - have any postings matching any of the positive account terms AND | |\ | - have no postings matching any of the negative account terms AND | |\ | - match all the other terms. | |\ | | |\ | | +----------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |All other commands select | - any of the description terms AND | |transactions/postings/accounts | - any of the account terms AND | |which match (or negatively match): | - all the other terms. | |\ | | |\ | | +----------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+ --- ## Commands hledger provides a number of subcommands out of the box; run `hledger` with no arguments to see a list. More [add-on commands](#add-ons) will appear if you install additional `hledger-*` packages, or if you put programs or scripts named `hledger-NAME` in your PATH. To choose a command, write it as the first command-line argument. You can write its full name (eg `balance`), or one of the standard short aliases displayed in parentheses in the command list (eg `bs`), or any unambiguous prefix of a command (eg `inc`). Below are the commands supported by hledger. For a quick summary, see the [introduction and overview](#introduction-and-overview) above. To try out these examples for yourself, use the sample journal. Eg: ```{.shell .bold} $ wget https://raw.github.com/simonmichael/hledger/master/data/sample.journal $ export LEDGER_FILE=sample.journal ``` ### Built-in commands #### accounts ``` {.shell .right} $ hledger accounts --tree assets bank checking saving cash expenses food supplies income gifts salary liabilities debts ``` ``` {.shell .right} $ hledger accounts --drop 1 bank:checking bank:saving cash food supplies gifts salary debts ``` ``` {.shell .right} $ hledger accounts assets:bank:checking assets:bank:saving assets:cash expenses:food expenses:supplies income:gifts income:salary liabilities:debts ``` This command lists all account names, or with query arguments, matched account names. It shows a flat list by default. In this mode you can add `--drop N` to omit the first few account name components. With `--tree`, it shows the account hierarchy. #### activity ``` {.shell .right} $ hledger activity --quarterly 2008-01-01 ** 2008-04-01 ******* 2008-07-01 2008-10-01 ** ``` The activity command displays an ascii histogram showing transaction counts by day, week, month or other reporting interval (by day is the default). With query arguments, it counts only matched transactions. #### add ``` {.shell .right} $ hledger add Adding transactions to journal file /src/hledger/data/sample.journal Any command line arguments will be used as defaults. Use tab key to complete, readline keys to edit, enter to accept defaults. An optional (CODE) may follow transaction dates. An optional ; COMMENT may follow descriptions or amounts. If you make a mistake, enter < at any prompt to restart the transaction. To end a transaction, enter . when prompted. To quit, enter . at a date prompt or press control-d or control-c. Date [2015/05/22]: Description: supermarket Account 1: expenses:food Amount 1: $10 Account 2: assets:checking Amount 2 [$-10.0]: Account 3 (or . or enter to finish this transaction): . 2015/05/22 supermarket expenses:food $10 assets:checking $-10.0 Save this transaction to the journal ? [y]: Saved. Starting the next transaction (. or ctrl-D/ctrl-C to quit) Date [2015/05/22]: $ ``` Many hledger users edit their journals directly with a text editor, or generate them from CSV. For more interactive data entry, there is the `add` command, which prompts interactively on the console for new transactions, and appends them to the journal file. This is the only built-in command which can write to your journal file. To use it, just run `hledger add` and follow the prompts. You can add as many transactions as you like; when you are finished, enter `.` or press control-d or control-c to exit. Features: - add tries to provide useful defaults, using the most similar recent transaction (by description) as a template. - You can also set the initial defaults with command line arguments. - [Readline-style edit keys](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rluserman.html#SEC3) can be used during data entry. - The tab key will auto-complete whenever possible - accounts, descriptions, dates (`yesterday`, `today`, `tomorrow`). If the input area is empty, it will insert the default value. - If the journal defines a [default commodity](#default-commodity), it will be added to any bare numbers entered. - A parenthesised transaction [code](#entries) may be entered following a date. - [Comments](#comments) and tags may be entered following a description or amount. - If you make a mistake, enter `<` at any prompt to restart the transaction. - Input prompts are displayed in a different colour when the terminal supports it. Here's [an example](step-by-step.html#record-a-transaction-with-hledger-add). #### balance The balance command displays accounts and their balances. It is the most complex and perhaps most useful command. ##### Simple balance reports ``` {.shell .right} $ hledger balance $-1 assets $1 bank:saving $-2 cash $2 expenses $1 food $1 supplies $-2 income $-1 gifts $-1 salary $1 liabilities:debts -------------------- 0 ``` Simple balance reports have no [reporting interval](#reporting-interval). They show the sum of matched postings in each account. (If postings are not date-restricted, this is usually the same as the ending balance). By default, simple balance reports display the accounts as a hierarchy, with subaccounts indented below their parent. Each account's balance is the "inclusive" balance - it includes the balances of any subaccounts. "Boring parent accounts" (containing a single interesting subaccount and no balance of their own) are elided into the following line for more compact output. Use `--no-elide` to prevent this. Accounts which have zero balance (and no non-zero subaccounts) are omitted. Use `-E/--empty` to show them. ``` {.shell .right .clear} $ hledger balance -p 2008/6 expenses --no-total $2 expenses $1 food $1 supplies ``` A final total is displayed by default; use `-N/--no-total` to suppress it. ##### Flat mode ``` {.shell .right} $ hledger balance -p 2008/6 expenses -N --flat --drop 1 $1 food $1 supplies ``` To see a flat list of full account names instead of the default hierarchical display, use `--flat`. In this mode, accounts (unless depth-clipped) show their "exclusive" balance, excluding any subaccount balances. In this mode, you can also use `--drop N` to omit the first few account name components. ##### Depth limiting ``` {.shell .right} $ hledger balance -N --depth 1 $-1 assets $2 expenses $-2 income $1 liabilities ``` With `--depth N`, balance shows accounts only to the specified depth. This is very useful to show a complex charts of accounts in less detail. In flat mode, balances from accounts below the depth limit will be shown as part of a parent account at the depth limit. ##### Multicolumn balance reports With a [reporting interval](#reporting-interval), multiple balance columns will be shown, one for each report period. There are three types of multi-column balance report, showing different information: ``` {.shell .right} $ hledger balance --quarterly income expenses -E Balance changes in 2008: || 2008q1 2008q2 2008q3 2008q4 ===================++================================= expenses:food || 0 $1 0 0 expenses:supplies || 0 $1 0 0 income:gifts || 0 $-1 0 0 income:salary || $-1 0 0 0 -------------------++--------------------------------- || $-1 $1 0 0 ``` 1. By default: each column shows the sum of postings in that period, ie the account's change of balance in that period. This is useful eg for a monthly income statement.

``` {.shell .right} $ hledger balance --quarterly income expenses -E --cumulative Ending balances (cumulative) in 2008: || 2008/03/31 2008/06/30 2008/09/30 2008/12/31 ===================++================================================= expenses:food || 0 $1 $1 $1 expenses:supplies || 0 $1 $1 $1 income:gifts || 0 $-1 $-1 $-1 income:salary || $-1 $-1 $-1 $-1 -------------------++------------------------------------------------- || $-1 0 0 0 ``` 2. With `--cumulative`: each column shows the ending balance for that period, accumulating the changes across periods, starting from 0 at the report start date. This mode is not often used.

``` {.shell .right} $ hledger balance ^assets ^liabilities -Q Balance changes in 2008: || 2008q1 2008q2 2008q3 2008q4 ======================++================================= assets:bank:checking || $1 0 0 $-1 assets:bank:saving || 0 $1 0 0 assets:cash || 0 $-2 0 0 liabilities:debts || 0 0 0 $1 ----------------------++--------------------------------- || $1 $-1 0 0 $ hledger balance ^assets ^liabilities --quarterly --historical --begin 2008/4/1 Ending balances (historical) in 2008/04/01-2008/12/31: || 2008/06/30 2008/09/30 2008/12/31 ======================++===================================== assets:bank:checking || $1 $1 0 assets:bank:saving || $1 $1 $1 assets:cash || $-2 $-2 $-2 liabilities:debts || 0 0 $1 ----------------------++------------------------------------- || 0 0 0 ``` 3. With `--historical/-H`: each column shows the actual historical ending balance for that period, accumulating the changes across periods, starting from the actual balance at the report start date. This is useful eg for a multi-period balance sheet, and when you are showing only the data after a certain start date.

``` {.shell .right} $ hledger balance -Q income expenses --tree -E -TA Balance changes in 2008: || 2008q1 2008q2 2008q3 2008q4 Total Average ============++=================================================== expenses || 0 $2 0 0 $2 $1 food || 0 $1 0 0 $1 0 supplies || 0 $1 0 0 $1 0 income || $-1 $-1 0 0 $-2 $-1 gifts || 0 $-1 0 0 $-1 0 salary || $-1 0 0 0 $-1 0 ------------++--------------------------------------------------- || $-1 $1 0 0 0 0 # Average is rounded to the dollar here since all journal amounts are ``` Multi-column balance reports display accounts in flat mode by default; to see the hierarchy, use `--tree`. Note that with a reporting interval, the report start/end dates will be "enlarged" if necessary so that they encompass the displayed report periods. This is so that the first and last periods will be "full" and comparable to the others. The `-E/--empty` flag does two things here: first, the report will show all columns within the specified report period (without -E, leading and trailing columns with all zeroes are not shown). Second, all accounts which existed at the report start date will be considered, not just the ones with activity during the report period (use -E to include low-activity accounts which would otherwise would be omitted). The `-T/--row-total` flag adds an additional column showing the total for each row. The `-A/--average` flag adds a column showing the average value in each row. Note in `--H/--historical` mode only the average is useful, and in `--cumulative` mode neither is useful. ##### Market value The `-V/--value` flag converts all the reported amounts to their "current market value" using their default market price. That is the latest [market price](#market-prices) (P directive) found in the journal (or an included file), for the amount's commodity, dated on or before the report end date. Unlike Ledger, hledger's -V only uses the market prices recorded with P directives, ignoring transaction prices recorded as part of posting amounts (which -B/--cost uses). Using -B and -V together is allowed. ##### Custom balance output ``` {.shell .right} $ hledger balance --format "%20(account) %12(total)" assets $-1 bank:saving $1 cash $-2 expenses $2 food $1 supplies $1 income $-2 gifts $-1 salary $-1 liabilities:debts $1 --------------------------------- 0 ``` In simple (non-multi-column) balance reports, you can customise the output with `--format FMT`. FMT (plus a newline) will be displayed for each account/balance pair. It is a format string with data fields interpolated by `%[MIN][.MAX](FIELDNAME)` where MIN means pad with spaces to at least this width, and MAX means truncate at this width. The field name must be enclosed in parentheses. Three fields are available: - `depth_spacer` - a number of spaces equal to the account's depth, or if MIN is specified, MIN * depth spaces. - `account` - the account's name - `total` - the account's balance/posted total, right justified When the total has multiple commodities, by default each commodity is displayed on a separate line, and the report item will be bottom aligned. You can change how such multi-line values are rendered by beginning the format with a special prefix: - `%_` - render on multiple lines, bottom-aligned (the default) - `%^` - render on multiple lines, top-aligned - `%,` - render on one line, with multi-line values comma-separated There are some quirks, and experimentation may be needed to get pleasing output. In one-line mode, `%(depth_spacer)` has no effect, instead `%(account)` has indentation built in. Examples: - `%(total)` - the account's total - `%-20.20(account)` - the account's name, left justified, padded to 20 characters and clipped at 20 characters - `%20(total) %2(depth_spacer)%-(account)` - default format for the single-column balance report - `%,%-50(account) %25(total)` - account name padded to 50 characters, total padded to 20 characters, with multiple commodities rendered on one line ##### Output destination ```{.shell .bold .right} $ hledger balance -o - # write to stdout (the default) $ hledger balance -o FILE # write to FILE ``` The balance, print, register and stats commands can write their output to a destination other than the console. This is controlled by the `-o/--output-file` option. ##### CSV output ```{.shell .bold .right} $ hledger balance -O csv # write CSV to stdout $ hledger balance -o FILE.csv # write CSV to FILE.csv ``` The balance, print and register commands can write their output as CSV. This is useful for exporting data to other applications, eg to make charts in a spreadsheet. This is controlled by the `-O/--output-format` option, or by specifying a `.csv` file extension with `-o/--output-file`. #### balancesheet ```{.shell .right} $ hledger balancesheet Balance Sheet Assets: $-1 assets $1 bank:saving $-2 cash -------------------- $-1 Liabilities: $1 liabilities:debts -------------------- $1 Total: -------------------- 0 ``` This command displays a simple [balance sheet](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_sheet). It currently assumes that you have top-level accounts named `asset` and `liability` (plural forms also allowed.) #### cashflow ```{.shell .right} $ hledger cashflow Cashflow Statement Cash flows: $-1 assets $1 bank:saving $-2 cash -------------------- $-1 Total: -------------------- $-1 ``` This command displays a simple [cashflow statement](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_flow_statement) It shows the change in all "cash" (ie, liquid assets) accounts for the period. It currently assumes that cash accounts are under a top-level account named `asset` and do not contain `receivable` or `A/R` (plural forms also allowed.) #### incomestatement ```{.shell .right} $ hledger incomestatement Income Statement Revenues: $-2 income $-1 gifts $-1 salary -------------------- $-2 Expenses: $2 expenses $1 food $1 supplies -------------------- $2 Total: -------------------- 0 ``` This command displays a simple [income statement](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_statement). It currently assumes that you have top-level accounts named `income` (or `revenue`) and `expense` (plural forms also allowed.) #### print ```{.shell .right} $ hledger print 2008/01/01 income assets:bank:checking $1 income:salary $-1 2008/06/01 gift assets:bank:checking $1 income:gifts $-1 2008/06/02 save assets:bank:saving $1 assets:bank:checking $-1 2008/06/03 * eat & shop expenses:food $1 expenses:supplies $1 assets:cash $-2 2008/12/31 * pay off liabilities:debts $1 assets:bank:checking $-1 ``` The print command displays full transactions from the journal file, tidily formatted and showing all amounts explicitly. The output of print is always a valid hledger journal, but it does always not preserve all original content exactly (eg directives). hledger's print command also shows all unit prices in effect, or (with -B/--cost) shows cost amounts. The print command also supports [output destination](#output-destination) and [CSV output](#csv-output). #### register ```{.shell .right} $ hledger register checking 2008/01/01 income assets:bank:checking $1 $1 2008/06/01 gift assets:bank:checking $1 $2 2008/06/02 save assets:bank:checking $-1 $1 2008/12/31 pay off assets:bank:checking $-1 0 ``` The register command displays postings, one per line, and their running total. This is typically used with a [query](#queries) selecting a particular account, to see that account's activity. ```{.shell .right .clear} $ hledger register checking -b 2008/6 --historical 2008/06/01 gift assets:bank:checking $1 $2 2008/06/02 save assets:bank:checking $-1 $1 2008/12/31 pay off assets:bank:checking $-1 0 ``` The `--historical`/`-H` flag adds the balance from any prior postings to the running total, to show the actual historical running balance. This is useful when you want to see just the recent activity. The `--depth` option limits the amount of sub-account detail displayed. The `--average`/`-A` flag shows the running average posting amount instead of the running total (so, the final number displayed is the average for the whole report period). This flag implies `--empty` (see below). It works best when showing just one account and one commodity. The `--related`/`-r` flag shows the *other* postings in the transactions of the postings which would normally be shown. ```{.shell .right} $ hledger register --monthly income 2008/01 income:salary $-1 $-1 2008/06 income:gifts $-1 $-2 ``` ```{.shell .right} $ hledger register --monthly income -E 2008/01 income:salary $-1 $-1 2008/02 0 $-1 2008/03 0 $-1 2008/04 0 $-1 2008/05 0 $-1 2008/06 income:gifts $-1 $-2 2008/07 0 $-2 2008/08 0 $-2 2008/09 0 $-2 2008/10 0 $-2 2008/11 0 $-2 2008/12 0 $-2 ``` ```{.shell .right .clear} $ hledger register --monthly assets --depth 1 # cashflow (changes to assets) by month 2008/01 assets $1 $1 2008/06 assets $-1 0 2008/12 assets $-1 $-1 ``` With a [reporting interval](#reporting-interval), register shows summary postings, one per interval, aggregating the postings to each account. Periods with no activity, and summary postings with a zero amount, are not shown by default; use the `--empty`/`-E` flag to see them. Often, you'll want to see just one line per interval. The `--depth` option helps with this, causing subaccounts to be aggregated. Note when using report intervals, if you specify start/end dates these will be adjusted outward if necessary to contain a whole number of intervals. This ensures that the first and last intervals are full length and comparable to the others in the report. ##### Custom register output register uses the full terminal width by default, except on windows. You can override this by setting the `COLUMNS` environment variable (not a bash shell variable) or by using the `--width`/`-w` option. The description and account columns normally share the space equally (about half of (width - 40) each). You can adjust this by adding a description width as part of --width's argument, comma-separated: `--width W,D` . Here's a diagram: ``` <--------------------------------- width (W) ----------------------------------> date (10) description (D) account (W-41-D) amount (12) balance (12) DDDDDDDDDD dddddddddddddddddddd aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa AAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA ``` and some examples: ```{.shell .bold} $ hledger reg # use terminal width (or 80 on windows) $ hledger reg -w 100 # use width 100 $ COLUMNS=100 hledger reg # set with one-time environment variable $ export COLUMNS=100; hledger reg # set till session end (or window resize) $ hledger reg -w 100,40 # set overall width 100, description width 40 $ hledger reg -w $COLUMNS,40 # use terminal width, and set description width ``` The register command also supports the `-o/--output-file` and `-O/--output-format` options for controlling [output destination](#output-destination) and [CSV output](#csv-output). #### stats ```{.shell .right} $ hledger stats Main journal file : /src/hledger/data/sample.journal Included journal files : Transactions span : 2008-01-01 to 2009-01-01 (366 days) Last transaction : 2008-12-31 (2333 days ago) Transactions : 5 (0.0 per day) Transactions last 30 days: 0 (0.0 per day) Transactions last 7 days : 0 (0.0 per day) Payees/descriptions : 5 Accounts : 8 (depth 3) Commodities : 1 ($) ``` The stats command displays summary information for the whole journal, or a matched part of it. With a [reporting interval](#reporting-interval), it shows a report for each report period. The stats command also supports `-o/--output-file` for controlling [output destination](#output-destination). #### test ```{.shell .right} $ hledger test Cases: 74 Tried: 74 Errors: 0 Failures: 0 ``` This command runs hledger's built-in unit tests and displays a quick report. With a regular expression argument, it selects only tests with matching names. It's mainly used in development, but it's also nice to be able to check your hledger executable for smoke at any time. ### Add-on commands Add-on commands are executables in your PATH whose name starts with `hledger-` and ends with no file extension or one of these common executable extensions: `.hs`,`.lhs`,`.pl`,`.py`,`.rb`,`.rkt`,`.sh`,`.bat`,`.com`,`.exe`. (Also, add-on names may not be the same as any built-in command or alias). hledger will detect these and act as a convenient front end, displaying them in the command list and letting you invoke them with `hledger ADDON`. There are some tricks when specifying options: - Options appearing before ADDON will be visible only to hledger and not be passed to the add-on. Eg: `hledger --help web` shows hledger's help, `hledger web --help` shows hledger-web's help. - Options understood only by the add-on must go after a `--` argument so that hledger does not reject them. Eg: `hledger web -- --server`. Add-ons which are written in haskell can take advantage of hledger's library API for journal parsing, reports, consistent command-line options etc. One notable add-on is [hledger-web](#web), which is maintained along with hledger and supported on the same major platforms. Other add-ons may have different release schedules and platform support. #### autosync ```{.shell .right} $ hledger autosync --help usage: hledger-autosync [-h] [-m MAX] [-r] [-a ACCOUNT] [-l LEDGER] [-i INDENT] [--initial] [--fid FID] [--assertions] [-d] [--hledger] [--slow] [--which] [PATH] Synchronize ledger. positional arguments: PATH do not sync; import from OFX file optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit -m MAX, --max MAX maximum number of days to process -r, --resync do not stop until max days reached -a ACCOUNT, --account ACCOUNT set account name for import -l LEDGER, --ledger LEDGER specify ledger file to READ for syncing -i INDENT, --indent INDENT number of spaces to use for indentation --initial create initial balance entries --fid FID pass in fid value for OFX files that do not supply it --assertions create balance assertion entries -d, --debug enable debug logging --hledger force use of hledger (on by default if invoked as hledger- autosync) --slow use slow, but possibly more robust, method of calling ledger (no subprocess) --which display which version of ledger/hledger/ledger-python will be used by ledger-autosync to check for previous transactions $ head acct1.ofx OFXHEADER:100 DATA:OFXSGML VERSION:102 SECURITY:NONE ENCODING:USASCII CHARSET:1252 COMPRESSION:NONE OLDFILEUID:NONE NEWFILEUIDe:8509488b59d1bb45 $ hledger autosync acct1.ofx 2013/08/30 MONTHLY SERVICE FEE ; ofxid: 3000.4303001832.201308301 WF:4303001832 -$6.00 [assets:business:bank:wf:bchecking:banking] $6.00 ``` [ledger-autosync](https://bitbucket.org/egh/ledger-autosync/commits/all), which includes a `hledger-autosync` alias, downloads transactions from your bank(s) via OFX, and prints just the new ones as journal entries which you can add to your journal. It can also operate on .OFX files which you've downloaded manually. It can be a nice alternative to hledger's built-in CSV reader, especially if your bank supports OFX download. #### diff ```{.shell .right} $ hledger diff --help Usage: hledger-diff account:name left.journal right.journal $ cat a.journal 1/1 (acct:one) 1 $ cat b.journal 1/1 (acct:one) 1 2/2 (acct:two) 2 $ hledger diff acct:two a.journal b.journal Unmatched transactions in the first journal: Unmatched transactions in the second journal: 2015/02/02 (acct:two) $2 ``` [hledger-diff](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hledger-diff) compares two journal files. Given an account name, it prints out the transactions affecting that account which are in one journal file but not in the other. This can be useful for reconciling existing journals with bank statements. #### interest ```{.shell .right} $ hledger interest --help Usage: hledger-interest [OPTION...] ACCOUNT -h --help print this message and exit -V --version show version number and exit -v --verbose echo input ledger to stdout (default) -q --quiet don't echo input ledger to stdout --today compute interest up until today -f FILE --file=FILE input ledger file (pass '-' for stdin) -s ACCOUNT --source=ACCOUNT interest source account -t ACCOUNT --target=ACCOUNT interest target account --act use 'act' day counting convention --30-360 use '30/360' day counting convention --30E-360 use '30E/360' day counting convention --30E-360isda use '30E/360isda' day counting convention --constant=RATE constant interest rate --annual=RATE annual interest rate --bgb288 compute interest according to German BGB288 --ing-diba compute interest according for Ing-Diba Tagesgeld account ``` ```{.shell .right .clear} $ cat interest.journal 2008/09/26 Loan Assets:Bank EUR 10000.00 Liabilities:Bank 2008/11/27 Payment Assets:Bank EUR -3771.12 Liabilities:Bank 2009/05/03 Payment Assets:Bank EUR -1200.00 Liabilities:Bank 2010/12/10 Payment Assets:Bank EUR -3700.00 Liabilities:Bank ``` ```{.shell .right .clear} $ hledger interest -- -f interest.journal --source=Expenses:Interest \ --target=Liabilities:Bank --30-360 --annual=0.05 Liabilities:Bank 2008/09/26 Loan Assets:Bank EUR 10000.00 Liabilities:Bank EUR -10000.00 2008/11/27 0.05% interest for EUR -10000.00 over 61 days Liabilities:Bank EUR -84.72 Expenses:Interest EUR 84.72 2008/11/27 Payment Assets:Bank EUR -3771.12 Liabilities:Bank EUR 3771.12 2008/12/31 0.05% interest for EUR -6313.60 over 34 days Liabilities:Bank EUR -29.81 Expenses:Interest EUR 29.81 2009/05/03 0.05% interest for EUR -6343.42 over 123 days Liabilities:Bank EUR -108.37 Expenses:Interest EUR 108.37 2009/05/03 Payment Assets:Bank EUR -1200.00 Liabilities:Bank EUR 1200.00 2009/12/31 0.05% interest for EUR -5251.78 over 238 days Liabilities:Bank EUR -173.60 Expenses:Interest EUR 173.60 2010/12/10 0.05% interest for EUR -5425.38 over 340 days Liabilities:Bank EUR -256.20 Expenses:Interest EUR 256.20 2010/12/10 Payment Assets:Bank EUR -3700.00 Liabilities:Bank EUR 3700.00 ``` [hledger-interest](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hledger-interest) computes interests for a given account. Using command line flags, the program can be configured to use various schemes for day-counting, such as act/act, 30/360, 30E/360, and 30/360isda. Furthermore, it supports a (small) number of interest schemes, i.e. annual interest with a fixed rate and the scheme mandated by the German BGB288 (Basiszins für Verbrauchergeschäfte). See the package page for more. #### irr ```{.shell .right} $ hledger irr --help Usage: hledger-irr [OPTION...] -h --help print this message and exit -V --version show version number and exit -c --cashflow also show all revant transactions -f FILE --file=FILE input ledger file (pass '-' for stdin) -i ACCOUNT --investment-account=ACCOUNT investment account -t ACCOUNT --interest-account=ACCOUNT interest/gain/fees/losses account -b DATE --begin=DATE calculate interest from this date -e DATE --end=DATE calculate interest until this date -D --daily calculate interest for each day -W --weekly calculate interest for each week -M --monthly calculate interest for each month -Y --yearly calculate interest for each year ``` ```{.shell .right .clear} $ cat irr.journal 2011-01-01 Some wild speculation – I wonder if it pays off Speculation €100.00 Cash 2011-02-01 More speculation (and adjustment of value) Cash -€10.00 Rate Gain -€1.00 Speculation 2011-03-01 Lets pull out some money (and adjustment of value) Cash €30.00 Rate Gain -€3.00 Speculation 2011-04-01 More speculation (and it lost some money!) Cash -€50.00 Rate Gain € 5.00 Speculation 2011-05-01 Getting some money out (and adjustment of value) Speculation -€44.00 Rate Gain -€ 3.00 Cash 2011-06-01 Emptying the account (after adjusting the value) Speculation -€85.00 Cash €90.00 Rate Gain -€ 5.00 ``` ```{.shell .right .clear} $ hledger-irr -f irr.journal -t "Rate Gain" -i Speculation --monthly 2011/01/01 - 2011/02/01: 12.49% 2011/02/01 - 2011/03/01: 41.55% 2011/03/01 - 2011/04/01: -51.44% 2011/04/01 - 2011/05/01: 32.24% 2011/05/01 - 2011/06/01: 95.92% ``` [hledger-irr](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hledger-irr) computes the internal rate of return, also known as the effective interest rate, of a given investment. After specifying what account holds the investment, and what account stores the gains (or losses, or fees, or cost), it calculates the hypothetical annual rate of fixed rate investment that would have provided the exact same cash flow. See the package page for more. #### ui [hledger-ui](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hledger-ui) is hledger's curses-style interface. It provides a simple full-screen console interface for viewing account balances and transactions. It is simpler and more efficient for browsing than the hledger CLI, but lighter and faster than hledger-web. ```{.shell .noclear} $ hledger ui -- --help hledger-ui [OPTIONS] [PATTERNS] browse accounts, postings and entries in a full-window curses interface Flags: --theme=THEME use this custom display theme (default, terminal, greenterm) --register=ACCTREGEX start in the (first) matched account's register --flat show full account names, unindented --no-elide don't compress empty parent accounts on one line -V --value show amounts as their market value in their default valuation commodity (accounts screen) ... ``` ##### Keys Generally the cursor keys navigate; `right` (or `enter`) goes deeper, `left` returns to the previous screen, `up`/`down`/`page up`/`page down`/`home`/`end` move up and down through lists. `g` gets the latest data and reloads the screen (and any previous screens). There may be a noticeable pause. `q` quits the application. Some screens have additional key bindings, described below. ##### Accounts screen This is normally the first screen displayed. It lists accounts and their balances, like hledger's balance command. By default, it shows all accounts and their latest ending balances. if you specify a query on the command line, it shows just the matched accounts and the balances from matched transactions. When not in flat mode, indentation indicates the account hierarchy. `F` toggles flat mode on and off. By default, all subaccounts are displayed. To see less detail, set a depth limit by pressing a number key, `1` to `9`. Or, adjust the depth limit by pressing `-` or `+` (`=` also works). `0` removes the depth limit. `C` toggles cleared mode. In cleared mode, the accounts and balances are derived only from transactions which are marked cleared (*). Press `right` or `enter` to view an account's transactions register. ##### Register screen This screen lists all transactions affecting a particular account (like a check register). In cleared mode (press `C`) it lists only transactions which are marked cleared. It does not otherwise filter by query. Note this screen shows transactions, not postings (unlike hledger's register command). This means: - Each line represents a whole transaction. - For each transaction, it shows the other account(s) involved, in abbreviated form. (If there are both real and virtual postings, it shows only the accounts affected by real postings.) - It shows the overall change to the current account's balance from each transaction; positive for an inflow to this account, negative for an outflow. - When no query other than a date limit is in effect, it shows the current account's historic balance as of the transaction date. Otherwise it shows a running total starting from zero. Eg, these will show historic balances: ``` $ hledger-ui $ hledger-ui --begin 'this month' $ hledger-ui --register checking date:2015/10 ``` while these will show a running total, since the queries are not just date limits: ``` $ hledger-ui checking $ hledger-ui --begin 'this month' desc:market $ hledger-ui --register checking --cleared ``` Press `right` or `enter` to view the selected transaction in full detail. ##### Transaction screen This screen shows a single transaction, as a general journal entry, similar to hledger's print command and journal format (hledger_journal(5)). The transaction's date(s) and any cleared flag, transaction code, description, comments, along with all of its account postings are shown. Simple transactions have two postings, but there can be more (or in certain cases, fewer). `up` and `down` will step through all transactions listed in the previous account register screen. In the title bar, the numbers in parentheses show your position within that account register. They will vary depending on which account register you came from (remember most transactions appear in multiple account registers). The #N number preceding them is the transaction's position within the complete unfiltered journal, which is a more stable id (at least until the next reload). ##### Error screen This screen will appear if there is a problem, such as a parse error, when you press g to reload. Once you have fixed the problem described, press g again to reload and restore normal operation. #### web [hledger-web](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hledger-web) provides a web-based user interface for hledger. You can add new journal entries with basic auto-completion, and easily browse your accounts, with a more useful account register view and historical balance charts. You can see a live demo (with junk data) at [demo.hledger.org](http://demo.hledger.org). ```{.shell .noclear} $ hledger web -- --help hledger-web [OPTIONS] [PATTERNS] start serving the hledger web interface Flags: --server log requests, and don't browse or auto-exit --port=PORT set the tcp port (default: 5000) --base-url=BASEURL set the base url (default: http://localhost:PORT) --file-url=FILEURL set the static files url (default: BASEURL/static) ... $ hledger web Starting web app on port 5000 with base url http://localhost:5000 Starting web browser if possible Web app will auto-exit after a few minutes with no browsers (or press ctrl-c) ``` By default, `hledger web` starts the web app, displays it in your default web browser if possible, keeps it running for as long as you have it open in a browser window, and then exits. With `--server`, it starts the web app in non-transient mode and logs requests to the console. Typically when running hledger web as part of a website you'll want to use `--base-url` to set the protocol/hostname/port/path to be used in hyperlinks. The `--file-url` option allows static files to be served from a different url, eg for better caching or cookie-less serving. You can use `--port` to listen on a different TCP port, eg if you are running multiple hledger-web instances. This need not be the same as the PORT in the base url. Note there is no built-in access control, so you will need to hide hledger-web behind an authenticating proxy (such as apache or nginx) if you want to restrict who can see and add entries to your journal. With [journal](#journal) and [timelog](#timelog) files (but not [CSV](#csv) files, currently) the web app detects changes and will show the new data on the next request. If a change makes the file unparseable, hledger-web will show an error until the file has been fixed. ### Experimental commands The following add-ons are examples and experiments provided in the [extra](https://github.com/simonmichael/hledger/tree/master/extra) directory in the hledger source. Add this directory to your PATH to make them available. The scripts are designed to run interpreted on unix systems (for tweaking), or you can compile them (for speed and robustness). #### equity ```{.shell .right} $ hledger balance --flat -E assets liabilities 0 assets:bank:checking $1 assets:bank:saving $-2 assets:cash $1 liabilities:debts -------------------- 0 $ hledger equity assets liabilities 2015/05/23 assets:bank:saving $-1 assets:cash $2 liabilities:debts $-1 equity:closing balances 0 2015/05/23 assets:bank:saving $1 assets:cash $-2 liabilities:debts $1 equity:opening balances 0 ``` This prints a journal entry which zeroes out the specified accounts (or all accounts) with a transfer to/from "equity:closing balances" (like Ledger's equity command). Also, it prints an similar entry with opposite sign for restoring the balances from "equity:opening balances". These can be useful for ending one journal file and starting a new one, respectively. By zeroing your asset and liability accounts at the end of a file and restoring them at the start of the next one, you will see correct asset/liability balances whether you run hledger on just one file, or on several files concatenated with [include](#include). #### print-unique ```{.shell .right} $ cat unique.journal 1/1 test (acct:one) 1 2/2 test (acct:two) 2 $ LEDGER_FILE=unique.journal hledger print-unique (-f option not supported) 2015/01/01 test (acct:one) 1 ``` Print only only journal entries which have a unique description. #### rewrite ```{.shell .right .bold} $ hledger rewrite -- [QUERY] --add-posting "ACCT AMTEXPR" ... $ hledger rewrite -- ^income --add-posting '(liabilities:tax) *.33' $ hledger rewrite -- expenses:gifts --add-posting '(budget:gifts) *-1"' ``` Prints all journal entries, adding specified custom postings to matched entries. ## Appendices ### Regular Expressions hledger uses [regular expressions](http://www.regular-expressions.info) in a number of places: - [query terms](#queries), on the command line and in the hledger-web search form: `REGEX`, `desc:REGEX`, `cur:REGEX`, `tag:...=REGEX` - [CSV rules](#csv-rules) conditional blocks: `if REGEX ...` - [account alias](#account-aliases) directives and options: `alias /REGEX/ = REPLACEMENT`, `--alias /REGEX/=REPLACEMENT` hledger's regular expressions come from the [regex-tdfa](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/regex-tdfa/docs/Text-Regex-TDFA.html) library. In general they: - are case insensitive - are infix matching (do not need to match the entire thing being matched) - are [POSIX extended regular expressions](http://www.regular-expressions.info/posix.html#ere) - also support [GNU word boundaries](http://www.regular-expressions.info/wordboundaries.html) (\\<, \\>, \\b, \\B) - and parenthesised [capturing groups](http://www.regular-expressions.info/refcapture.html) and numeric backreferences in replacement strings - do not support [mode modifiers](http://www.regular-expressions.info/modifiers.html) like (?s) Some things to note: - In the `alias` directive and `--alias` option, regular expressions must be enclosed in forward slashes (`/REGEX/`). Elsewhere in hledger, these are not required. - To match a regular expression metacharacter like `$` as a literal character, prepend a backslash. Eg to search for amounts with the dollar sign in hledger-web, write `cur:\$`. - On the command line, some metacharacters like `$` have a special meaning to the shell and so must be escaped a second time, with single or double quotes or another backslash. Eg, to match amounts with the dollar sign from the command line, write `cur:'\$'` or `cur:\\$`. ### Editor support Add-on modes exist for various text editors, to make working with journal files easier. They add colour, navigation aids and helpful commands. For hledger users who edit the journal file directly (the majority), using one of these modes is quite recommended. These were written with Ledger in mind, but also work with hledger files: | |----------------|----------------------------------------------------| | Emacs | | | Vim | | | Sublime Text | | | Textmate | | | Text Wrangler   | | ### Troubleshooting #### Run-time problems Here are some issues you might encounter when you run hledger (and remember you can also seek help from the [IRC channel](http://irc.hledger.org), [mail list](http://list.hledger.org) or [bug tracker](http://bugs.hledger.org)): **Successfully installed, but "No command 'hledger' found"** stack and cabal install binaries into a special directory, which should be added to your PATH environment variable. On unix-like systems, it is ~/.local/bin and ~/.cabal/bin respectively. **"Illegal byte sequence" or "Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character" errors** In order to handle non-ascii letters and symbols (like £), hledger needs an appropriate locale. This is usually configured system-wide; you can also configure it temporarily. The locale may need to be one that supports UTF-8, if you built hledger with GHC < 7.2 (or possibly always, I'm not sure yet). Here's an example of setting the locale temporarily, on ubuntu gnu/linux: ```{.shell} $ file my.journal my.journal: UTF-8 Unicode text # <- the file is UTF8-encoded $ locale -a C en_US.utf8 # <- a UTF8-aware locale is available POSIX $ LANG=en_US.utf8 hledger -f my.journal print # <- use it for this command ``` Here's one way to set it permanently, there are probably better ways: ```{.shell} $ echo "export LANG=en_US.UTF-8" >>~/.bash_profile $ bash --login ``` If we preferred to use eg `fr_FR.utf8`, we might have to install that first: ```{.shell} $ apt-get install language-pack-fr $ locale -a C en_US.utf8 fr_BE.utf8 fr_CA.utf8 fr_CH.utf8 fr_FR.utf8 fr_LU.utf8 POSIX $ LANG=fr_FR.utf8 hledger -f my.journal print ``` Note some platforms allow variant locale spellings, but not all (ubuntu accepts `fr_FR.UTF8`, mac osx requires exactly `fr_FR.UTF-8`). #### Known limitations **Command line interface** Add-on command options, unless they are also understood by the main hledger executable, must be written after `--`, like this: `hledger web -- --server` **Differences from Ledger** Not all of Ledger's journal file syntax is supported. See [file format differences](faq#file-format-differences). hledger is slower than Ledger, and uses more memory, on large data files. **Windows limitations** In a windows CMD window, non-ascii characters and colours are not supported. In a windows Cygwin/MSYS/Mintty window, the tab key is not supported in hledger add.