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hledger/hledger/hledger_balance.m4.md
Simon Michael 21b3a56489 doc: budget report: update
2018-04-25 08:57:33 -07:00

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## balance
Show accounts and their balances. Aliases: b, bal.
`--change`
: show balance change in each period (default)
`--cumulative`
: show balance change accumulated across periods (in multicolumn reports)
`-H --historical`
: show historical ending balance in each period (includes postings before report start date)
`--tree`
: show accounts as a tree; amounts include subaccounts (default in simple reports)
`--flat`
: show accounts as a list; amounts exclude subaccounts except when account is depth-clipped (default in multicolumn reports)
`-A --average`
: show a row average column (in multicolumn mode)
`-T --row-total`
: show a row total column (in multicolumn mode)
`-N --no-total`
: don't show the final total row
`--drop=N`
: omit N leading account name parts (in flat mode)
`--no-elide`
: don't squash boring parent accounts (in tree mode)
`--format=LINEFORMAT`
: in single-column balance reports: use this custom line format
`-O FMT --output-format=FMT `
: select the output format. Supported formats:
txt, csv, html.
`-o FILE --output-file=FILE`
: write output to FILE. A file extension matching one of the above formats selects that format.
`--pretty-tables`
: use unicode to display prettier tables.
`--sort-amount`
: sort by amount instead of account code/name (in flat mode). With multiple columns, sorts by the row total, or by row average if that is displayed.
`--invert`
: display all amounts with reversed sign
`--budget`
: show performance compared to budget goals defined by [periodic transactions](journal.html#periodic-transactions)
`--show-unbudgeted`
: with --budget, show unbudgeted accounts also
The balance command displays accounts and balances.
It is hledger's most featureful and versatile command.
```shell
$ hledger balance
$-1 assets
$1 bank:saving
$-2 cash
$2 expenses
$1 food
$1 supplies
$-2 income
$-1 gifts
$-1 salary
$1 liabilities:debts
--------------------
0
```
More precisely, the balance command shows the *change* to each account's balance caused by all (matched) postings.
In the common case where you do not filter by date and your journal sets the correct opening balances, this is the same as the account's ending balance.
By default, accounts are displayed hierarchically, with subaccounts indented below their parent.
At each level of the tree, accounts are sorted by [account code](/manual.html#account-directive) if any, then by account name.
Or with `-S/--sort-amount`, by their balance amount.
"Boring" accounts, which contain a single interesting subaccount and
no balance of their own, are elided into the following line for more compact output.
(Not yet supported in tabular reports.) Use `--no-elide` to prevent this.
Account balances are "inclusive" - they include the balances of any subaccounts.
Accounts which have zero balance (and no non-zero subaccounts) are
omitted. Use `-E/--empty` to show them.
A final total is displayed by default; use `-N/--no-total` to suppress it:
```shell
$ hledger balance -p 2008/6 expenses --no-total
$2 expenses
$1 food
$1 supplies
```
### Flat mode
To see a flat list of full account names instead of the default hierarchical display, use `--flat`.
In this mode, accounts (unless depth-clipped) show their "exclusive" balance, excluding any subaccount balances.
In this mode, you can also use `--drop N` to omit the first few account name components.
```shell
$ hledger balance -p 2008/6 expenses -N --flat --drop 1
$1 food
$1 supplies
```
### Depth limited balance reports
With `--depth N`, balance shows accounts only to the specified depth.
This is very useful to show a complex charts of accounts in less detail.
In flat mode, balances from accounts below the depth limit will be shown as part of a parent account at the depth limit.
```shell
$ hledger balance -N --depth 1
$-1 assets
$2 expenses
$-2 income
$1 liabilities
```
<!-- $ for y in 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010; do echo; echo $y; hledger -f $y.journal balance ^expenses --depth 2; done -->
### Multicolumn balance reports
With a [reporting interval](#reporting-interval), multiple balance
columns will be shown, one for each report period.
There are three types of multi-column balance report, showing different information:
1. By default: each column shows the sum of postings in that period,
ie the account's change of balance in that period. This is useful eg
for a monthly income statement:
<!--
multi-column income statement:
$ hledger balance ^income ^expense -p 'monthly this year' --depth 3
or cashflow statement:
$ hledger balance ^assets ^liabilities 'not:(receivable|payable)' -p 'weekly this month'
-->
```shell
$ hledger balance --quarterly income expenses -E
Balance changes in 2008:
|| 2008q1 2008q2 2008q3 2008q4
===================++=================================
expenses:food || 0 $1 0 0
expenses:supplies || 0 $1 0 0
income:gifts || 0 $-1 0 0
income:salary || $-1 0 0 0
-------------------++---------------------------------
|| $-1 $1 0 0
```
2. With `--cumulative`: each column shows the ending balance for that
period, accumulating the changes across periods, starting from 0 at
the report start date:
```shell
$ hledger balance --quarterly income expenses -E --cumulative
Ending balances (cumulative) in 2008:
|| 2008/03/31 2008/06/30 2008/09/30 2008/12/31
===================++=================================================
expenses:food || 0 $1 $1 $1
expenses:supplies || 0 $1 $1 $1
income:gifts || 0 $-1 $-1 $-1
income:salary || $-1 $-1 $-1 $-1
-------------------++-------------------------------------------------
|| $-1 0 0 0
```
3. With `--historical/-H`: each column shows the actual historical
ending balance for that period, accumulating the changes across
periods, starting from the actual balance at the report start date.
This is useful eg for a multi-period balance sheet, and when
you are showing only the data after a certain start date:
```shell
$ hledger balance ^assets ^liabilities --quarterly --historical --begin 2008/4/1
Ending balances (historical) in 2008/04/01-2008/12/31:
|| 2008/06/30 2008/09/30 2008/12/31
======================++=====================================
assets:bank:checking || $1 $1 0
assets:bank:saving || $1 $1 $1
assets:cash || $-2 $-2 $-2
liabilities:debts || 0 0 $1
----------------------++-------------------------------------
|| 0 0 0
```
Multi-column balance reports display accounts in flat mode by default;
to see the hierarchy, use `--tree`.
With a reporting interval (like `--quarterly` above), the report
start/end dates will be adjusted if necessary so that they encompass
the displayed report periods. This is so that the first and last
periods will be "full" and comparable to the others.
The `-E/--empty` flag does two things in multicolumn balance reports:
first, the report will show all columns within the specified report
period (without -E, leading and trailing columns with all zeroes are
not shown). Second, all accounts which existed at the report start
date will be considered, not just the ones with activity during the
report period (use -E to include low-activity accounts which would
otherwise would be omitted).
The `-T/--row-total` flag adds an additional column showing the total
for each row.
The `-A/--average` flag adds a column showing the average value in
each row.
Here's an example of all three:
```shell
$ hledger balance -Q income expenses --tree -ETA
Balance changes in 2008:
|| 2008q1 2008q2 2008q3 2008q4 Total Average
============++===================================================
expenses || 0 $2 0 0 $2 $1
food || 0 $1 0 0 $1 0
supplies || 0 $1 0 0 $1 0
income || $-1 $-1 0 0 $-2 $-1
gifts || 0 $-1 0 0 $-1 0
salary || $-1 0 0 0 $-1 0
------------++---------------------------------------------------
|| $-1 $1 0 0 0 0
# Average is rounded to the dollar here since all journal amounts are
```
Currently, the [`-V/--value` flag](#market-value) has a limitation in
multicolumn reports: it uses the market prices on the report end date
for all columns. (Instead of the prices on each column's end date.)
### Custom balance output
You can customise the layout of simple (non-tabular) balance reports with `--format FMT`:
```shell
$ hledger balance --format "%20(account) %12(total)"
assets $-1
bank:saving $1
cash $-2
expenses $2
food $1
supplies $1
income $-2
gifts $-1
salary $-1
liabilities:debts $1
---------------------------------
0
```
The FMT format string (plus a newline) specifies the formatting
applied to each account/balance pair. It may contain any suitable
text, with data fields interpolated like so:
`%[MIN][.MAX](FIELDNAME)`
- MIN pads with spaces to at least this width (optional)
- MAX truncates at this width (optional)
- FIELDNAME must be enclosed in parentheses, and can be one of:
- `depth_spacer` - a number of spaces equal to the account's depth, or if MIN is specified, MIN * depth spaces.
- `account` - the account's name
- `total` - the account's balance/posted total, right justified
Also, FMT can begin with an optional prefix to control how
multi-commodity amounts are rendered:
- `%_` - render on multiple lines, bottom-aligned (the default)
- `%^` - render on multiple lines, top-aligned
- `%,` - render on one line, comma-separated
There are some quirks. Eg in one-line mode, `%(depth_spacer)` has no
effect, instead `%(account)` has indentation built in.
<!-- XXX retest:
Consistent column widths are not well enforced, causing ragged edges unless you set suitable widths.
Beware of specifying a maximum width; it will clip account names and amounts that are too wide, with no visible indication.
-->
Experimentation may be needed to get pleasing results.
Some example formats:
- `%(total)` - the account's total
- `%-20.20(account)` - the account's name, left justified, padded to 20 characters and clipped at 20 characters
- `%,%-50(account) %25(total)` - account name padded to 50 characters, total padded to 20 characters, with multiple commodities rendered on one line
- `%20(total) %2(depth_spacer)%-(account)` - the default format for the single-column balance report
This command also supports [output destination](/manual.html#output-destination) and [output format](/manual.html#output-format) selection.
### Colour support
The balance command shows negative amounts in red, if:
- the `TERM` environment variable is not set to `dumb`
- the output is not being redirected or piped anywhere
### Budget report
With `--budget`, extra columns are displayed showing budget goals for each account and period,
and how the actual amounts compare with the goals.
Budget goals are defined by [periodic transactions](journal.html#periodic-transactions) in the journal.
--budget is most often combined with a [report interval](manual.html#report-intervals).
For example, you can take average monthly expenses in the common expense categories to construct a minimal monthly budget:
```journal
;; Budget
~ monthly
income $2000
expenses:food $400
expenses:bus $50
expenses:movies $30
assets:bank:checking
;; Two months worth of expenses
2017-11-01
income $1950
expenses:food $396
expenses:bus $49
expenses:movies $30
expenses:supplies $20
assets:bank:checking
2017-12-01
income $2100
expenses:food $412
expenses:bus $53
expenses:gifts $100
assets:bank:checking
```
You can now see a monthly budget performance report:
```shell
$ hledger balance -M --budget
Balance changes in 2017/11/01-2017/12/31:
|| 2017/11 2017/12
=======================++=================================================
<unbudgeted>:expenses || $20 $100
assets:bank:checking || $-2445 [99% of $-2480] $-2665 [107% of $-2480]
expenses:bus || $49 [98% of $50] $53 [106% of $50]
expenses:food || $396 [99% of $400] $412 [103% of $400]
expenses:movies || $30 [100% of $30] 0 [0% of $30]
income || $1950 [98% of $2000] $2100 [105% of $2000]
-----------------------++-------------------------------------------------
|| 0 0
```
You can roll over unspent budgets to next period with `--cumulative`:
```shell
$ hledger balance -M --budget --cumulative
Ending balances (cumulative) in 2017/11/01-2017/12/31:
|| 2017/11/30 2017/12/31
=======================++=================================================
<unbudgeted>:expenses || $20 $120
assets:bank:checking || $-2445 [99% of $-2480] $-5110 [103% of $-4960]
expenses:bus || $49 [98% of $50] $102 [102% of $100]
expenses:food || $396 [99% of $400] $808 [101% of $800]
expenses:movies || $30 [100% of $30] $30 [50% of $60]
income || $1950 [98% of $2000] $4050 [101% of $4000]
-----------------------++-------------------------------------------------
|| 0 0
```
Accounts with no budget goals (not mentioned in the periodic transactions)
will be aggregated under `<unbudgeted>`, unless you add the
`--show-unbudgeted` flag to display them normally:
```shell
$ hledger balance --budget --show-unbudgeted
Balance changes in 2017/11/01-2017/12/31:
|| 2017/11 2017/12
======================++=================================================
assets:bank:checking || $-2445 [99% of $-2480] $-2665 [107% of $-2480]
expenses:bus || $49 [98% of $50] $53 [106% of $50]
expenses:food || $396 [99% of $400] $412 [103% of $400]
expenses:gifts || 0 $100
expenses:movies || $30 [100% of $30] 0 [0% of $30]
expenses:supplies || $20 0
income || $1950 [98% of $2000] $2100 [105% of $2000]
----------------------++-------------------------------------------------
|| 0 0
```
Note --budget first arrived in hledger in 1.5 and is still pretty young;
join the discussions on mail list and issue tracker to help us refine it.
Also, the `-S/--sort-amount` flag is not yet supported with --budget.
For more examples, see [Budgeting and Forecasting](https://github.com/simonmichael/hledger/wiki/Budgeting and forecasting).
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